Transcript The Crusades

After the Roman empire fell, Western
Europe was cut off from other cultures,
invaded and divided.
Period from 500 – 1000 is
sometimes called the Dark
Ages. (Early Middle Ages)
Was actually a time when Greco-Roman,
Germanic, and Christian traditions
blended.
This is called the Middle Ages!!!
500-1500 Ad
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In the early Middle Ages, Germanic tribes,
such as the Franks, divided Western Europe.
In 486, Clovis, king of the Franks, defeated
Gaul, the area that became France.
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Clovis kept his own customs but also used
Roman customs. He also converted to
Christianity.
In the 600s, Islam began in Arabia.
When they crossed into France, Charles Martel and his Frankish warriors fought the
Muslim armies at the Battle of Tours in 732.
In 768, Charles Martel’s
grandson, also named
Charles, became king.
He built an empire covering what
are now France, Germany, and part
of Italy.
http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=5itBgiz35
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The Franks pushed the Muslims back
into Spain
Video Reign of Charlemagne – King Clovis
The pope later crowned him emperor of the Romans.
Charlemagne united Europe by fighting off invaders,
conquering peoples, and converting them to
Christianity.
 He also united Europe by blending German, Roman and
Christian traditions.
 Charlemagne saw education as another way to unify
his kingdom.
 He set up local schools and brought back Latin
learning.
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http://www.history.com/videos/the-reign-ofcharlemagne#the-reign-of-charlemagne
Charlemagne’s grandsons split
up the empire in 843.
 900 - nomads, called Magyars,
settled in what is now
Hungary.
 700s – the Vikings from
Scandinavia began raiding
towns along European coasts
and rivers.
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(England, Ireland, northern France, and parts of
Russia).
List the accomplishments of Charlemagne.
Which do you think had the most lasting
importance? Why?
Critical Thinking
 Charlemagne: Holy Barbarian
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Holy – Living according to a strict or highly moral
(good) religious or spiritual system.
 Barbarian – A fierce, brutal or cruel person.
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How can Charlemagne be both holy and a
barbarian?
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Lots of duties in medieval
society! Even for kings
and nobles.
New political and legal
system– called feudalism.
This was the basis for life
in the middle ages.
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System made up of lords and lower lords, called
vassals.
They exchanged vows called the feudal contract
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This contract gave lords the
right to expect military
service, payments, and
loyalty from their vassals.
In return the lords promised
to give their vassals
protection and fiefs -- or
estates.
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Many nobles lived in
castles!!!
For nobles, war was a way of
life.
Many trained from boyhood
to become knights. They
practiced fighting in pretend
battles called tournaments.
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Ladies took over estates while their
lords were at war and might even
be in charge of defending their
land.
Knights had to follow a code of ideal
conduct – called chivalry
 Chivalry required knights to be brave,
loyal and honest.
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Troubadours – wandering musicians
The manor, or lord’s estate, was the basis of the
medieval economy. Everything people needed
was grown on the manor.
Most peasants on manors were serfs, workers
tied to the land.
 Serfs were not slaves, but they could not leave the
manor without permission.
 They had to work the lord’s land several days a week,
pay certain fees, and ask permission to marry.
In return, they were allowed to farm several acres for
themselves and received protection during war.
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Medieval Europe: Feudalism
Medieval Europe: The Design of a Castle
Imagine that you live in a future society where time travel is
possible. A team of time travelers are planning a trip to the
Middle Ages. In order to blend in undetected into medieval life,
the time travelers plan to assume the roles of
1). lord, 2). knight, 3). vassal, 4). noblewoman, and 5). serf.
Write down careful instructions for the role of each time traveler.
The instructions should include advice on:
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how to behave
how to treat other people
what responsibilities to fulfill
what services to expect
what form of entertainment is available
-You must also design a manor map. This should be a blueprint for your
Time Travelers to study before they go on this grand journey! This
should help them understand the lay of the land, so to speak!
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During the Middle Ages, the Roman Church
grew in power.
 It became the strongest worldly, or secular, and
religious force in Western Europe
 Churches were the center of village life.
 The parish priest celebrate mass and
administered sacraments, or sacred rites.
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Church doctrine taught that men and women
were equal before God. Yet the Church also
taught that women needed men’s guidance.
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In 530, a monk named Benedict created rules
to govern monastery life. These included
vows of obedience, poverty and chastity
(purity).
High Church officials, such as bishops or the
pope, often stopped warfare among nobles
by declaring a Truce of God.
Medieval popes developed papal supremacy,
or authority over rulers.
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The Church had its own courts and body of
laws, known as canon law, and gave out
punishments.
 One was excommunication, or refusing to give the
sacraments and Christian burial. This condemned
sinners to hell.
 Rulers could face interdict, which kept entire
towns, regions or kingdoms from receiving
sacraments and Christian burial.
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Corruption
Many reforms came from friars, or monks
who traveled and preached to the poor.
The first order of friars, called the
Franciscans, was founded by
St. Francis of Assisi.
In the Middle Ages, Jewish people settled
across Europe. However, by the late 1000s,
prejudice against them had increased in
Western Europe.
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1000s – agricultural revolution changed
Europe.
 New technologies allowed farmers to grow more
crops.
 Food production increased and the population
grew.
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Warfare and invasions declined.
 Trade expanded in the Middle East and Asia; trade
leagues formed
 Trade settlements grew into medieval towns and
cities
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Growing trade led to a commercial
revolution
 Modern business practices such as partnerships,
insurance and letters of credit developed.
 The use of money caused changes to the feudal
system.
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A new middle class emerged
 Merchants and artisans formed guilds to protect
their interests
 Young people spent years learning their craft in
the guild system
 Women and girls dominated some trades and had
their own guilds
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Towns and cities grew
 Rapid growth led to overcrowding
 Caused fires and disease to spread
 Review Question of the Day:
 What is considered the beginning
of the middle ages?
During the early Middle Ages, European rulers
had limited powers.
By 1300, increases in royal power and control had
gradually set the foundations of modern
government.
William the Conqueror
In 1066, William the
Conqueror took over
England.
In 1086, William’s
census, called the
Domesday Book, was
finished. This book
helped set up a tax
system.
William the Conqueror – Music Video
William the Conqueror - Video
Henry II
In1154, Henry II came to power, and he
expanded the justice system.
Court decisions became the basis of English
common law, a legal system based on
custom and earlier rulings.
Henry also set up a jury system that led
to the modern grand jury.
King John
Henry’s son, King John, abused his power
and was forced to sign the Magna Carta,
or Great Charter.
It required the King to obey the laws.
It established 2 important principles:
Due process of law, or no arrest without
proper legal procedures and habeas
corpus; no imprisonment without a
charge
John also agreed to not raise taxes
without the consent of his Great Council.
Unlike the English, early French rulers did not govern a
united kingdom.
In 987, Hugh Capet became king. He began expanding
royal power. The Capets ruled for 300 years.
In 1179, Phillip II took the throne. He gained control
of English lands in Normandy and expanded
territories in southern France, adding huge areas to
his domain.
Louis IX came to power in France in 1226. He
persecuted non-Christians, outlawed private wars and
ended serfdom.
By the time he died in 1270, France had become a
centralized monarchy.
In 1302, a council, the Estates General, was set up.
However, it never gained the “power of the purse”
over French royalty.
During the middle ages, popes and
European rulers grew more powerful.
However, they were often in conflict.
By the late 1000s, the rulers of the
Holy Roman Empire were trying to
hold together a vast and varied
territory.
As part of this they regularly confronted
the pope over naming church officials.
Pope Gregory VII wanted the Church to be
free from any control by rulers.
He banned lay investiture, or the process by
which rulers rather than the pope appoints a
bishop.
HRE Henry IV said he had the right to appoint
bishops because bishops held lands that
were under his control.
In 1076, pope Gregory excommunicated
Henry and threatened to crown a new
emperor.
Henry was forced to beg for forgiveness, and
Gregory gave in.
Later, Henry led an army to Rome, forcing
Gregory into exile.
50 years later a compromise was worked out at the Concordat of
Worms. It gave the pope the power to appoint bishops, while rulers
had the right to decide what lands the bishops would rule.
Power struggles over land also occurred during the 1100s and 1200s.
HRE Frederick I, called Frederick Barbarossa, or
“Red Beard,” tried to add wealthy northern Italian
cities to his empire. Instead, through his son’s
marriage, he expanded German control in
southern Italy.
His grandson, Frederick II also tried, but failed,
to control northern Italy.
Ultimately the HRE broke into separate
states, while southern Italy went through
centuries of chaos.
In 1198, Pope Innocent III took office. He
claimed that the pope had supremacy, or
authority, over all other rulers.
He excommunicated the English and French kings, and placed
their kingdoms under interdict, barring people from religious
sacraments.
After Innocent’s death, French and English rulers grew in
power. In the late 1200s, France’s Philip IV challenged the
pope on the issue of taxes, and then forced the election of a
French Pope.
 Write a conversation that reflects
the struggle between the Roman
Catholic Church and the monarchs
of Europe. You are going to write
down what you might overhear if
you are eavesdropping on the Pope
and a king.
A series of wars beginning in 1096 in which
the Christians battled the Muslims for
control of lands in the Middle East.
Pope wanted to
end the fighting
between knights.
Seljuk Turks
invaded the Holy
Land.
Pope wanted to
increase power
and heal the
Schism.
Some hoped to
win wealth or
escape troubles.
Crusades left a
legacy of religious
hatred.
Trade increased
and expanded.
The Reconquista
took hold in
Spain.
A money
economy
developed.
The power of
monarchs
increased.
The Crusades
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Bubonic Plague
Carried by fleas on rats
Spreads from Asia to Middle East to Europe
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People turn to magic and witchcraft
People flee cities or hide in homes
Christian blame Jews
The Black Death
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One-third of people die
Production declines
Inflation
Peasants revolt
Series of Conflicts: 1337 – 1453
England vs. France
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English rulers want to keep French lands.
French kings want to extend their power.
Both want to control the English Channel
Both want to control trade.
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England wins battles due to the longbow.
Joan of Arc leads French armies.
Joan’s execution rallies the French.
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French Kings grow stronger
English Parliament gains “power of the
purse”
English turn to trading ventures overseas.
Castles and knights cannot stand up to the
cannon and longbow.
Monarchs need armies, not feudal vassals.
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The Church offered powerful incentives to those
who joined the crusades. The Pope promised
forgiveness of sins and entrance into heaven for
anyone who died in the Crusades. Serfs could
obtain freedom from their lords. Citizens who
enlisted were freed from paying taxes. Those
who owed debts were allowed to pay them back
without additional fees. Prisoners were released
from jails, and sentences of death were
commuted to life in Palestine.
The Church has asked you to create an advertisement to
convince people to join the Crusades. Your
advertisement should mention one or more of the
incentives we just described as well as those described
in your text. You can use any combination of persuasive
words, drawings, maps, and illustrations. On the back of
your advertisement you should explain what impact the
Crusades had on the world.
 OR, you may create an advertisement informing people
about The Black Death, how it is spread and what
measures they should take to avoid getting the deadly
plague. On the back you should explain what impact
the Black Death had on the world.
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