Transcript Chapter 10 notes

Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome
Greek civilization was originally
organized into city-states.
At first a king ruled the city-state, or polis.
By the 400s B.C., the people who lived in
the city-state ruled it. The Greeks thus
developed a form of government known
as democracy
The city-state of Athens was the home of
the world’s first democratic constitution.
All free men over the age of 20 could vote.
Athenians produced works of philosophy,
literature, and drama.
The city-states of Athens and Sparta often
fought against each other because they
wanted to expand their boundaries.
Athens united with Sparta during the
Persian War to prevent the Persians from
invading Greece.
After the Persian threat passed, they
fought each other again.
Sparta finally defeated Athens in the
Peloponnesian War.
In the 300s B.C., Philip II and his son,
Alexander the Great, conquered all of
Greece.
Alexander went on to create a large
empire.
Alexander and his successors spread
Greek culture everywhere.
Legend says the city of Rome was
founded by twin brothers Romulus and
Remus.
What we know for fact is that Rome was
settled around 1000 B.C. By 700 B.C., it
had become a major city-state that
controlled much of the Italian peninsula.
Italy was often invaded.
The Romans built a strong army to defend
their land.
The Romans borrowed ideas from other
cultures.
From the Greeks, they borrowed art,
religion, mythology, and the Latin
alphabet.
Rome began as a monarchy. It eventually
changed to a republic.
In a republic, people choose their leaders.
In Rome, the people elected two consuls.
The two consuls reported to the Senate.
Members of the Senate were landowners
who served for life.
The Twelve Tables formed the base of
Roman law.
Laws about wills, courts, and property
were recorded on the tablets.
All Roman citizens had to follow the laws.
The Romans built temples, stadiums, and
baths.
They also built aqueducts, which were
channels that carried water long distances.
They built roads that brought people and
goods to Italy.
This helped Rome to grow.
Greek democracy, the republican form of
government, and Roman law all became
important in Western civilization and the
Modern Age.
Medieval Europe
Pope- leader of the Catholic Church
Missionary- person who spreads his or her religious views
common law- unwritten laws that come from local customs
Feudalism- medieval political and social system based on an
exchange of land for military service
Vassal- person who swore loyalty to a higher lord in exchange
for a grant of land
Manor- feudal estate
Serf- a type of farmer who was not as free as a tenant farmer
and was usually poorer
Guild- workers’ organization
charter -written document outlining privileges and freedoms
for city residents
The 1,000-year period between Classical
and modern times is called the medieval
era, from a Latin word for “Middle Ages.”
It was during the Middle Ages that
Christianity in the form of the Roman
Catholic Church became a political
power in western Europe.
The early popes sent missionaries to
spread their religious views.
Through missionary taught schools, the
Christian Church greatly advanced
learning in Europe.
Beginning in the A.D. 1000s, the Church
sponsored a series of holy wars called the
Crusades.
Their purpose was to capture Jerusalem
from its Islamic rulers.
They led to centuries of distrust between
Christians and Muslims.
They increased the mistreatment of the
Jews in Europe.
It also made Europeans aware of the rich
cultures of the Byzantines and Muslims.
Europeans wanted spices and cloth from
the East.
To meet the demand, new trade routes
were opened.
As trade grew, so did Western European
towns.
On Christmas Day in the year 800,
Charlemagne was proclaimed the protector
of the Christian Church and was crowned the
head of the Roman Empire in the West,
which became known as the Holy Roman
Empire.
After Charlemagne died, his heirs broke up
his kingdom, creating the foundations for the
modern countries of Germany, Italy, France,
and Spain.
A new political and social system known as feudalism
emerged during the Middle Ages.
Under feudalism, kings would give land to a noble.
In exchange, the noble provided military service and
knights for the king’s army.
The noble swore loyalty to the king and became his
vassal.
The feudal estate was called the manor.
Two types of farmers on the manor were tenants and
serfs.
Serfs were not as free and were usually poorer than
tenant farmers.
Kings
Lords & Nobles
Knights
Tenants
Serfs
Towns in the Middle Ages were independent
and served as centers of trade and
manufacturing.
Manufacturing came under the control of
workers’ organizations known as guilds.
Kings won the support of the townspeople by
building great cathedrals and granting the
residents privileges and freedoms in written
documents called charters.
Kings collected taxes in exchange for granting
charters. With money, kings could pay soldiers
Renaissance to Revolution
The Renaissance—sparked by an interest
in education, art, and science—began
around 1350 in cities of northern Italy and
spread to other cities of Europe.
Renaissance scholars were called
humanists because they were interested
more in the world and humans around
them than in religious ideas.
Noted Renaissance artists were Leonardo
da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarotti.
The printing press with moveable type was
invented around 1450 by Johannes
Gutenberg.
The printing press made books more
numerous and less expensive, thereby
encouraging more people to learn to read
and write.
Western European rulers became more
powerful, uniting people and creating
nations based on a common language and
culture.
Some people during the Renaissance
believed that Church leaders were more
interested in wealth than religion.
Others disagreed with corrupt practices of
the Church, such as the selling of
indulgences, or documents that freed the
buyers from punishment for their sins.
Because these Christians “protested”
corrupt Church practices, they came to be
called Protestants.
The movement to reform, or change, the
Catholic Church was called the
Protestant Reformation.
Two Protestant leaders were Martin
Luther, who organized his own new
Christian church that taught in German,
and John Calvin, whose followers
included the American Puritans.
By the mid-1400s, Europe began to reach out beyond
its boundaries in a great age of discovery and
exploration.
In 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
sent an Italian navigator, Christopher Columbus,
westward across the Atlantic searching for another
way to Asia.
The Dutch, English, and French soon joined the
Spanish and Portuguese in exploring and settling
and trading with the Americas, Asia, and Africa.
Eventually—in addition to trade goods—people,
diseases, and ideas were distributed around the world
in a process called the Columbian Exchange.
A revolution is a great and often violent
change.
Toward the end of the 1700s, people came to
feel that they should play a greater, more
direct role in government.
The belief in the divine right of kings was
fading.
John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau
believed the government should serve the
people and protect them and their freedom.
In Great Britain, kings and queens were
forced to accept a constitution, a plan for
government that shared power but gave
most of it to the Parliament.
In the 1770s, the American colonies revolted
against European control and became a
model for many revolutions in Europe and
the Americas.
The French Revolution stimulated other
peoples to demand more personal and
political control over their lives.