Transcript Computers - HCC Learning Web

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Chapter 1
What Is a Computer?
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Objectives
1. Explain the Functions of a Computer
2. Describe the Evolution of Computer Hardware
3. Describe How Computers Represent Data Using
Binary Code
4. List the Various Types and Characteristics of
Personal Computers
5. Give Examples of Other Personal Computing
Devices
6. List the Various Types and Characteristics of
Multiuser Computers
7. Explain Ubiquitous Computing and Convergence
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Objective 1: Overview
Explain the Functions of a Computer
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Objective 1: Key Terms
 Analytical
Engine
 Artificial
intelligence
 Computer
 Data
 Information
 Information
processing
cycle (IPC)
 Punch card
 Turing machine
 Turing test
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Information Processing Cycle
Computers are programmable machines that convert raw data
into useful information using the information processing cycle
Input
• Raw data, such as content entered in a form and
submitted by a customer via a website, is input
• The raw data is processed, or manipulated, to create
useful information
Process
Storage
• Information is stored for later retrieval
• The processed raw data – now information – is
returned to the user
Output
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Industrial Revolution
Early Contributions to Computers
 Original computers were
people, not machines
 Punch cards
Punch cards were used to
create complex textile
patterns in a Jacquard Loom
 Developed by Joseph Marie
Jacquard in 1801
 These were stiff pieces of
cardboard that conveyed
information by the presence
or absence of holes
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Industrial Revolution
Early Contributions to Computers
 Analytical Engine designed by Charles
Babbage
 A mechanical computer which could be
programmed using punch cards
 Ada Lovelace
• Wrote a program for the Analytical Engine
• Is considered the first computer programmer
• Her program was never tested as the Analytical
Engine was never completed
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Industrial Revolution
Early Contributions to Computers
 In 1936, Alan Turing introduced the concept of
machines that could perform mathematical
calculations – Turing machines
 In 1950, Alan Turing, developed the Turing test to assess
a machine’s ability to display intelligent behavior
 Considered the father of computer science and artificial
intelligence (the science of making machines behave like humans)
 In 2014, the first computer finally passed the 64- year-old
Turing test of intelligence
• http://www.reading.ac.uk/news-andevents/releases/PR583836.aspx
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Objective 2: Overview
Describe the Evolution of Computer Hardware
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Objective 2: Key Terms
 Central processing 
unit (CPU)

 ENIAC (Electronic 
Numerical

Integrator and
Computer)
 Integrated circuit
Microprocessor
Moore’s Law
Transistor
Vacuum tubes
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First-Generation Computers
Important First-Generation Computers
 1936-1941: Z1-Z3
 1942: Atanasoff-Berry
Computer (ABC)
 1944: Colossus
 Used to decrypt German
messages during WWII
 1944: Harvard Mark 1
 1946: ENIAC
 First working digital generalpurpose computer
 1951: UNIVAC
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ENIAC
First-Generation Computers
Vacuum Tubes
Vacuum Tubes
First-Generation Features:
 Used vacuum tubes
 Resembled incandescent light bulbs
 Emitted a lot of heat
 Unreliable
 Massive in size
 Used manual switches to process data
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Second-Generation Computers
Transistors
Transistors
Second-Generation Features:
 Used transistors (replaced vacuum tubes in 1947)
 Revolutionized the electronics industry




More powerful
Smaller
More reliable
Reprogrammed in less time
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Third-Generation Computers
Integrated Circuit
Third-Generation Features:
 Used integrated circuits
 Developed in the 1960s
 Chips that contained large numbers of tiny transistors
fabricated into a semiconducting material called
silicon
 Faster, smaller, and more reliable
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Fourth-Generation Computers
Microprocessor
Fourth-Generation Features:
 Used a microprocessor
 Emerged in 1970s
 A microprocessor is a complex integrated circuit that
contains the central processing unit (CPU), the brain of a
computer
 The first microprocessor was as powerful as the ENIAC
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Moore’s Law
 In 1965, Gordon Moore, Intel cofounder, observed
that the number of transistors on an integrated
circuit doubled every two years
 Moore’s Law is a prediction of continued
exponential growth
 Current trend is closer to doubling every 18 months
 Such increases in capabilities affects processing
speeds and storage capacity of modern
electronic devices
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Objective 3: Overview
Describe How Computers Represent Data
Using Binary Code
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Objective 3: Key Terms
 ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange)
 Binary code
 Binary (base 2) number system
 Bit
 Byte
 Unicode
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Binary Code
Binary Number System: 1s & 0s
With 8 bits there are 256 different possible
combinations (28)
 Binary code has two
possible states: on/off, 1/0,
yes/no
 Bit – the smallest unit of
digital information
8 bits = 1 byte
 With 2 bits there are four
combinations of states (10,
01, 11, 00)
ASCII – uses 7 bits and represents
128 characters
Unicode – is extended ACSII and
represents over 100,000 characters
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Measuring Data
Bits measure data
transfer rates
Bytes measure file size
and storage capacity
Decimal Prefix
Symbol
Decimal Value
kilo
K or k
1,000
mega
M
1,000,000
giga
G
1,000,000,000
tera
T
1,000,000,000,000
peta
P
1,000,000,000,000,000
exa
E
1,000,000,000,000,000,000
zetta
A
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
yotta
Y
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
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Objective 4: Overview
List the Various Types and Characteristics of
Personal Computers
PC
MAC
ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
•
•
•
•
Easy to set up and use
Great multimedia capabilities
Secure and stable
Productivity and Entertainment software
included
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•
•
•
•
•
Less expensive for similar configuration
Can run many versions of Windows and
Linux
More configuration choices
Preferred platform in most businesses
Most computer games are only
available for Windows PC
Objective 4: Key Terms
 All-in-one computer
 Convertible
notebook
 Desktop computer
 Ergonomics
 Laptop
 Mac
 Mobile application
(mobile app)
 Netbook
 Notebook
 Personal computer
(PC)
 Stylus
 Subnotebook
 Tablet
 Workstation
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Types of Computers
Desktop
Workstation
All-in-one
Notebook or laptop
Convertible notebook
Tablet
Netbook
May use a stylus (a digital
pen) and have preinstalled
mobile apps
Subnotebook
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Mac or PC?
Platform
Advantages
Disadvantages
PC
• Less expensive
• Preferred platform in
most business
• Many manufacturers:
• More often affected by
viruses
• Operating system
instability
Mac
• Easy to set up and use
• More expensive than PC
• Great multimedia
• Built only by Apple
• High-end productivity
• More limited business
and entertainment
software options
software
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Ergonomics
Relationship Between Users and Their Workspace
Ergonomic (proper) workspace:
 Proper posture
 Use a footrest
 Elbows on armrest bent at 90°
 Monitor below eye level
 Frequent breaks
Improper workspace:
 Can affect your health,
comfort, and productivity
 Leads to discomfort and can
result in musculoskeletal
disorders
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Objective 5: Overview
Give Examples of Other Personal
Computing Devices
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Objective 5: Key Terms
 Game controller
 Geocaching
 GPS (global positioning
system)
 Mobile device
 Video game system
 Wearable
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Mobile Devices
Portable computers used for business and
entertainment
Features:
 Internet access
 Email access
 Digital cameras
 GPS
 Mapping tools
 Document editing
 Mobile apps
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GPS and Wearables
GPS (global positioning system)
Wearables
• Satellite-based navigation
system
 Used for:
 Devices worn on the body
 Used for:





Location and Navigation
Tracking
Mapping
Timing
Geocaching (electronic
scavenger hunt)
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



Health monitoring
Communication
Military operations
Entertainment
Video Game Systems
Computers designed primarily to play games
Game consoles:
(Microsoft Xbox One, Sony PlayStation 4, Nintendo Wii U)






High-end processors
High-end graphics capabilities
Play movies and music
Online game play
Browse the Internet
Use a game controller
Handheld games:
(Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo DSi, PlayStation Portable (PSP) Vita)




Portable
Listen to music and view photos and movies
Chat and access the Internet over 3G or wireless network
3D photo and graphic capability
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Objective 6: Overview
List the Various Types and Characteristics of
Multiuser Computers
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Objective 6: Key Terms
 Client
 Minicomputer
 Distributed
computing
 Multiuser
computer
 Enterprise server
 Server
 Grid computing
 Supercomputer
 Mainframe
 Volunteer
computing
 Midrange server
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Multiuser Computers
Systems that allow multiple, simultaneous users to
connect to them
Servers
Minicomputers
Midrange servers
Mainframes/
Enterprise
servers
Supercomputers
• Computers that provide services such as Internet access and email to a
client system (a computer that requests services from a server)
• Support fewer than 200 users, users connect via dumb terminals
• Replace minicomputers; users connect via personal computers
• Large computers that process millions of transactions a day, usually found
in businesses such as banks and insurance companies
• Very expensive systems that perform complex mathematical calculations
such as those in weather forecasting and medical research
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Additional Types of Computing
 Distributed computing
 Spreading of processing tasks across multiple
computers
 Grid computing
 Distributed computing that uses computers in one
location
 Volunteer computing
 A large-scale form of distributed computing
 Harnesses the processing power of hundreds or
thousands of personal computers to accomplish a task
 An example of volunteer computing is folding@home
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Objective 7: Overview
Explain Ubiquitous Computing and Convergence
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Objective 7: Key Terms
 Bioinformatics
 Smart appliance
 Convergence
 Smart grid
 Embedded
computer
 Smart home
 Ubiquitous
 Green computing computing
(ubicomp)
 Internet of Things
(IoT)
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Ubiquitous Computing
Technology Fades into the Background
 Embedded computer
 Paying for gas with the wave
of a credit card
 Smart Appliances
 Automatic light and
temperature control
 Convergence
 Integration of technology on
multifunction devices
 Internet of Things
 The connection of the physical
world to the Internet
New Career: bioinformatics – the application of information technology to
the field of biology
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Green Computing
The efficient and eco-friendly use of computers
and other electronics
 Smart homes and smart appliances
 Save energy by turning components on and
off to maximize energy efficiency
 Home automation controls





Lighting
Heating and cooling
Security
Entertainment
Smart appliances within the home
Smart appliances plug into the smart grid – a
network for delivering electricity to consumers
that includes communication technology to
manage electricity distribution efficiently
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Questions
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