Transcript Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth

Conception, Pregnancy,
and Childbirth
Chapter 10
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10-1
Conception
 The union of a sperm cell and ovum
 200 to 400 million sperm
 Ovum
 Zona pellucida
 Gelatinous
layer that surrounds the ovum
 Hyaluronidase
 Enzyme
that briefly thins the zona pellucida
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Conception
 Optimizing the chances of conception
 Basal
body temperature (BBT) chart
 Analyzing urine or saliva for luteinizing
hormone
 Tracking vaginal mucus
 Additional considerations
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10-3
Infertility and Alternative Ways
of Becoming Parents
 Infertility
 Inability
to conceive a child
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10-4
Infertility and Alternative Ways
of Becoming Parents
 Male fertility problems
 Low
sperm count
 Irregularly shaped sperm
 Low sperm motility
 Chronic disease
 Injury to the testes
(continued)
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Infertility and Alternative Ways
of Becoming Parents
 Male fertility problems (continued)
 Autoimmune
response
 Pituitary imbalance and/or thyroid disease
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10-6
Infertility and Alternative Ways
of Becoming Parents
 Artificial insemination
 Introduction
of sperm into the reproductive
tract through means other than sexual
intercourse
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Infertility and Alternative Ways
of Becoming Parents
 Female fertility problems
 Irregular
ovulation
 Obstructions or malfunctions of the
reproductive tract
 Endometeriosis
 Declining hormone levels
(continued)
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10-8
Infertility and Alternative Ways
of Becoming Parents
 Female fertility problems (continued)
 Endometriosis

Endometrial tissue is sloughed off into the
abdominal cavity rather than out of the body
during menstruation
(continued)
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10-9
Infertility and Alternative Ways
of Becoming Parents
 Female fertility problems (continued)
 Laparoscopy
A long, narrow tube is inserted through an
incision in the navel
 Visual inspection of organs in the pelvic
cavity

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Infertility and Alternative Ways
of Becoming Parents
 In vitro fertilization (IVF)
 Mature
ova are surgically removed from an
ovary and placed in a lab dish along with
sperm
 Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
 Sperm
and ova are inserted into a fallopian
tube to encourage conception
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Infertility and Alternative Ways
of Becoming Parents
 Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
 Ovum
is fertilized in a lab dish and then
placed in a fallopian tube
 Donor IVF
 Ovum
is taken from one woman, fertilized,
and then injected into the uterus or fallopian
tube of another woman
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Infertility and Alternative Ways
of Becoming Parents
 Embryonic transfer
 A woman
volunteer is artificially
inseminated by the male partner of the
intended mother
 Embryo is removed and inserted within the
uterus of the intended mother
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Infertility and Alternative Ways
of Becoming Parents
Surrogate motherhood
 A woman
is impregnated with sperm of a
prospective father via artificial insemination
 Carries the embryo and fetus to term
 Gives the child to the prospective parents
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Infertility and Alternative Ways
of Becoming Parents
 Adoption
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Canadian Legislation Governing
Reproductive Technology
 Act Respecting Assisted Human
Reproduction
 Banning
cloning of humans
 Banning the selection of a baby’s sex
 Making it illegal to pay surrogate mothers
 Making it illegal to pay for sperm donations
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Pregnancy
 Early signs of pregnancy
 Missing
a period
 Pregnancy tests
 Human

chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Hormone produced by women shortly after
conception
(continued)
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Pregnancy
 Pregnancy tests (continued)
 Hegar’s

sign
Softness of a section of the uterus
 Early effects of pregnancy
 Tenderness
of the breasts
(continued)
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Pregnancy
 Pregnancy tests (continued)
 Early effects of pregnancy (continued)
 Morning

sickness
Nausea, aversion to specific foods, vomiting
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Pregnancy
 Miscarriage
 Spontaneous
abortion
 Sex during pregnancy
 Safe
throughout the pregnancy
 Decline in sexual interest
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10-20
Pregnancy
 Psychological changes during pregnancy
 1st
trimester
 2nd trimester
 3rd trimester
 Sympathetic pregnancy
 Father
experiences pregnancy signs
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Prenatal Development
 Nagele’s rule
 First
day of the last menstrual period
 Add 7 days
 Subtract 3 months
 Add 1 year
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Germinal Stage
 Germinal stage
 Before
implantation in the uterus
 Period of the ovum
 Blastocyst
 Embryo
is a sphere of cells surrounding a
cavity of fluid
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Germinal Stage
 Embryonic disk
 Platelike
inner part of the blastocyst
 Trophoblast
 Outer
part of the blastocyst
 Amniotic sac, placenta, umbilical cord
development
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Embryonic Stage
 Embryonic stage
implantation through 8th week
 Differentiation of the major organ systems
 From
 Cephalocaudal
 From
the head downward
 Proximodistal
 From
the central axis of the body outward
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Embryonic Stage
 Ectoderm
 Outermost
cell layer
 Skin and nervous system
 Neural tube

Hollow area from which the nervous system
will develop
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Embryonic Stage
 Endoderm
 Inner
layer
 Lungs and digestive system
 Mesoderm
 Central
layer
 Bones and muscles
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Embryonic Stage
 Amniotic sac
 Sac
containing the fetus
 Amniotic fluid
 Suspends
and protects the fetus
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Embryonic Stage
 Placenta
 Relay
station between mother and fetus
 Exchange of nutrients and waste
 Umbilical cord
 Tube
connecting fetus to placenta
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Fetal Stage
 9th week until birth
 Fetal movements
 Age of viability
 Fetus
can sustain independent life
 Cephalic presentation
 Emergence of the baby head first
(continued)
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Fetal Stage (continued)
 Breech presentation
 Emergence
of the baby feet first
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Environmental Influences on
Prenatal Development
 Mother’s diet
 Maternal diseases and disorders
 Teratogens

Environmental influences or agents that
damage an embryo or fetus
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Environmental Influences on
Prenatal Development
 Rubella (German measles)
 Viral
infection that can cause mental
retardation and heart disease
 Syphilis
 Sexually
transmitted disease caused by a
bacterial infection
 Miscarriage or stillbirth
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Environmental Influences on
Prenatal Development
 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS)
 Destroys
white blood cells in the immune
system
 Toxemia
 Life
threatening condition characterized by
high blood pressure
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Environmental Influences on
Prenatal Development
 Ectopic pregnancy
 Fertilized
ovum becomes implanted
somewhere other than in the uterus
 Rh incompatibility
 Antibodies
produced by a pregnant woman
are transmitted to the fetus
 Fetal erythoblastosis
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Environmental Influences on
Prenatal Development
 Medications taken by the mother (and
father)
 Antibiotics
 Tranquilizers
and sedatives
 Acne drugs and antihistamines
 Hormones
 Progestin
and DES
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Environmental Influences on
Prenatal Development
 Critical periods of vulnerability
 Embryo
or fetus is vulnerable to the effects
of a teratogen
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Environmental Influences on
Prenatal Development
 Vitamins
 Street drugs
 Alcohol
 Fetal
alcohol syndrome (FAS)
 Cigarette smoking
 Other agents
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Chromosomal and Genetic
Abnormalities
 Averting chromosomal and genetic
abnormalities
 Genetic
counseling
 Blood tests
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Childbirth
 “dropping” or “lightening”
 Tissues that plugged the cervix becomes
dislodged
 Braxton-Hicks contractions
 False
labour contractions
(continued)
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Childbirth (continued)
 Prostaglandins
 Uterine
hormones
 Oxytocin
 Pituitary
hormone that stimulates uterine
contractions
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Stages of Childbirth
 First stage
 Efface
 Dilate
 Transition
 Second stage
 Cervix
is fully dilated
(continued)
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Stages of Childbirth (continued)
 Second stage (continued)
 Ends
with the birth of the baby
 Episiotomy

Incision in the perineum
 Third stage
 In the new world
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Methods of Childbirth
 Anesthetized childbirth
 Natural childbirth
 No
anesthesia
 Other strategies for coping with discomfort
 Educated about childbirth
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Methods of Childbirth
 Prepared childbirth
 Lamaze
method
 Relax and breathe to conserve energy and
lessen pain
 A coach is present at childbirth
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Methods of Childbirth
 Cesarean section
 Fetus
is delivered through surgical incision
in the abdomen
 Advised when a normal delivery is difficult
 Transverse position

Crosswise birth position
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Birth Problems
 Anoxia
 Oxygen
deprivation
 Preterm and low birth weight children
 Born
before 37 weeks of gestation
 Neurological and developmental problems
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Postpartum Period
 Maternal depression
 Persistent
and severe mood changes during
the postpartum period
 Despair and apathy
 Changes in appetite and sleep, low selfesteem, difficulty concentrating
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Postpartum Period
 Breast-feeding
 Does breast-feeding affect sexual
behaviour?
 Prolactin

Stimulates production of milk
 Lactation

Production of milk by the mammary glands
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Resumption of Ovulation and
Menstruation
 Lochia
 Reddish
vaginal discharge that may persist
for a month after delivery
 Resumption of sexual activity

Six-week waiting period
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End of Chapter 10
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10-51