Transcript File

Mehran University
Collage of Engineering
and Technology
Abdul Latif Abro
Roll No: 12EL-05
Group: 10,11, 05
Outlines:
History of Computer
• Generation of Computer
• Types of Computer
• Classes of Computer
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History of Computer
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By 3000 B.C., had developed written symbols to
represent numbers
Computational methods developed to save labor and
solve practical problems (i.e. gov: problems)
Applications included measuring time, drawing straight
lines, counting money, and computing taxes
Developed tables for multiplication, square and cube
roots, exponents, formulas for quadratic equations
Babylonians and Egyptians not systematic reasoners ;
trial-and-error methods not always precise
The Origins of Computers
 The Abacus
 Dates back to the ancient
Orient
 Beads represent different
values
 In used by the Greeks and
Romans in 500 B.C.E.
 In this example the top
frame beads are valued at 5
and the bottom frame
beads represent 1
It ruled in the world of
calculations until the
1500s and is still
considered useful today.
History of Computers
 beads on rods to count and calculate
 still widely used in Asia!
History of Computer
Slide Rule
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Edmund Gunter (1581-1626) invented forerunner of slide rule
in 1620. Slide rule invented around 1630.
Slide rule is ruler-like device marked with logarithmic scales
used to perform mathematical calculations.
Slide rule used extensively for mathematical calculations
Its use continued to grow through the 1950s and 1960s
does not depend on electricity or batteries.
displays all the terms of a calculation along with the result
History of Computer
Computer Generations
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First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes
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Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors
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Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits
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Fourth Generation - 1971-Present: Microprocessors
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Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial
Intelligence
1940 - 1956
1st Generation
Vacuum Tubes
 Very expensive
 Very big
 Very hot
 Used a lot of electricity
 Broke down a lot
 But boy…were they cool at the time
 Vacuum tubes were used that have no air inside
and protects circuitry .
1940 - 1956
1st Generation
The ENIAC
 Built: 1943
 First fully electronic
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digital computer built.
Electronic Numerical
Integration and
Calculator
ENIAC weighed 30 tons
contained 18,000
vacuum tubes.
It was considered to be a
computer
 1956 – Computers began to incorporate
1956 - 1963
2nd Generation
Transistors and other developments.
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Transistors
One transistor could replace many tubes
They made computers smaller and cheaper
Assembly Language was introduced
Magnetic Cores were used.
 Uses Silicon
1956 - 1963
2nd Generation
Transistors
 developed in 1948
 on-off switch
 Second Generation
3 different
transistors showing
how they kept
getting smaller and
smaller
Computers used
Transistors, starting
in 1956
Size vs. time
 Integrated Circuits
1956 - 1963
3rd Generation
Integrated Circuits, Semiconductors and
Silicon Discs
used(chips).
 Integrated Circuits are
transistors, resistors, and
capacitors placed together
into a single “chip” which
increase speed
 Transistors became small
and built onto silicon chips
called semiconductors
 Speed of computer
increased due to use of
transistors.
Circuit paths
1956 - 1963
3rd Generation
Circuitry in chips
 As vacuum were replaced by transistors that still
creates a lot of heat.
 scientist develop Integrated Circuits (IC).
 Using IC was only to prevent damage of computer.
 semiconductors were used that increase the speed
and efficiency of computer.
 users can interact through mouse and keyboard.
1971 - Present
4th Generation
The Microprocessor
 Microchips.
 Microprocessors begin to move away from the computer
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into other areas of everyday products
Getting smaller and smaller, but we are still using
microchip technology
Thousands of integrated circuits were built onto single
chip.
IBM sells its first computer designed for the “home
user”
The microprocessor was made to be used in
calculators,
1971 - Present
5th Generation
Artificial intelligence
 Great increases in speed, storage, and
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memory
Increased networking, speed in Internet
Both wide area network (WAN) and
local area network (LAN) developed
Cell Phone
Still in Development
Thousands of computation can take
place at same time.
IBM PC
 IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture
 First wide-selling personal
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computer used in business
8088 Microchip - 29,000
transistors
4.77 Mhz processing speed
256 K RAM (Random Access
Memory) standard
One or two floppy disk drives
Generations of Electronic Computers
First
Generation
Technology Vacuum
Tubes
Size
Second
Gen.
Transistors
Filled Whole Filled half a
Buildings
room
Third
Gen.
Integrated
Circuits
(multiple
transistors)
Smaller
Fourth Gen.
Microchips
(millions of
transistors)
Tiny - Palm
Pilot is as
powerful as
old building
sized
computer
Evolution of Electronics
 Vacuum Tube – a dinosaur without a modern
lineage
 Transistor  Integrated Circuit  Microchip
Types Of Computer
Computer
Analogue
Computer
Digital
Computer
Hybrid
Computer
Types Of Computer
 Analogue Computer: An analog computer uses one
kind of physical quantity to represent the behavior of
another physical system, or mathematical function. it
uses analogue signals.
 Digital Computer: A computer that stores data in
terms of digits and proceeds in discrete steps from
one state to the next.
 Hybrid computers are computers that comprise
features of analog computers and digital computers.
Classes of Computer
Computer
Desktop
Computer
Workstation
computer
Super
Computer
Notebook
PC
Mainframe
Computer
Tablet
Computer
Mini
Computer
Handheld
PC
Micro
Computer
Smart
PC
Desktop computer
 A desktop computer that
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fits on a desk and runs on
power from an electrical
wall outlet.
The CPU can be housed in
either a vertical or a
horizontal case.
Has separate components
(keyboard, mouse, etc.)
that are each plugged into
the computer.
There are two designs
(Horizontal and Vertical)
used for communication,
edit photography.
Workstation Computer
Powerful desktop
computer designed for
specialized tasks.
Can also be an ordinary
personal computer
attached to a LAN (local
area network).
More power than
desktop Computer.
Large resolution
monitors and accelerated
graphics.
Notebook Computer
Use same type of
technology as Pc but bit
modifications as
 require less power
Take up less space
Easy to move
size 8.5 to 11 inch
called laptops.
These requires
Batteries
Costly as compare to
PC.
Tablet PC
Stylus
Same functions as notebook
PC but has special input called
Stylus.
Stylus serves as a mouse
Supports real-time writing;
everything does not need to be
done in advance, as in
PowerPoint
 can save class work, or any
assignment.
More expensive
Tablet PC just as capable as
any notebook
Smart Phones
 perform functionalities other
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than the typical phone.
Can access email , surf the
internet
diary, electronic organizer,
reminders, and a contact list
are also in feature.
transfer files to friends while
online, or transfer files to
friends via email.
faster connection to the
internet. And can get weather
coverage etc.
Super Computer
Super computer is the most
powerful computer as
physically they are large in
size.
 Can process huge amounts
of data and are faster.
 Can perform trillions of
calculation per sec.
 have high operational rate
than any computer.
A super computer contains
a number of CPU which
operate in parallel to make it
faster.
Main Frame Computer
 Mainframe computers are those
computers that offer faster processing
and grater storage area.
 Application – Host computer, Central
data base server.
 used in large organizations such as
bank or insurance organization
 designed to handle specific task.
 Application – Host computer, Central
data base server.
Mini Computer
These are also small general
purpose system.
 They are generally more
powerful and most useful as
compared to micro computer.
 used in Network Servers,
work group system.
 Can handle much more input
and output.
 designed for single user but
can access more work.
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Micro Computer
 Micro computer are the
smallest computer system.
 There size range from
calculator to desktop size.
Its CPU is microprocessor.
 Used as personal computer,
Multi user system, offices.
 Used in schools, homes etc
 Enable people to do their
job efficiently.
 used for music, editing,
photography
The END
Thanks