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ISCA 2000 Panel Slow Wires, Hot Chips, and Leaky Transistors: New Challenges in the New Millennium Moderator: Shubu Mukherjee VSSAD, Alpha Technology Compaq Computer Corporation, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts Panelists: Bob Colwell, Dirk Grunwald, Norm Jouppi, Mark Horowitz, Jim Smith, & T.N.Vijaykumar Better answers Slow Wires For a circuit purist, “slow wire” is a blasphemy a wire doesn’t get slower in absolute time when shrunk a wire may get slower relative to a transistor when shrunk Wire Delay Trends Long wires don’t scale (RC delay constant) + short wires do scale with transistors! Many “short wires” become “long wires” when shrunk – intrinsic RC of wire relatively higher than faster gates New microarchitectures typically increase wire lengths – accessing global resources cause problem Better answers Slide 2 Hot Chips & Leaky Transistors Dynamic Power Explosion Static Power from Leaky Transistors 100 Watts in 1999 to 2000 Watts in 2010, Borkar, IEEE Computer, July/Aug, 1999. 10% of dynamic power in 0.1 micron technology, Thompson, et al. Intel Technology Journal, Q3, 1998. Peak vs. average power dissipation peak power important for packaging cost average power important for battery life Better answers Slide 3 Fault Tolerance Transistors are less reliable permanent faults transient faults (> 80%) Future is worse smaller feature size lower voltage higher transistor count reduced noise margin Fault detection & recovery Better answers Slide 4 Abstract, Model, & Solve New technologies enable new architectural designs Abstraction: understand the problem e.g., long wires are problematic, not short wires Tools to model the problem GREAT news for architects! e.g., wire delays, power models, fault coverage? Solutions to the problem explore performance/technology tradeoffs Better answers Slide 5 Panelists Prof. Mark Horowitz, Stanford University Prof. T.N.Vijaykumar, Purdue University Prof. Dirk Grunwald, U. of Colorado, Boulder Dr. Norm Jouppi, WRL, Compaq Prof. Jim Smith, U. of Wisconsin-Madison Dr. Bob Colwell, Intel Better answers Slide 6