Transcript An Environmental Cell T.E.M Applied to the Study of

What if we could assemble the basic ingredients of life
the way nature does it, atom by atom and molecule by
molecule?
Feynman’s Talk, 1959, Caltech
“What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating and
controlling things on a small scale.”
“Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia
Brittanica on the head of a pin?”
×
25,000
=
head of a pin =
1/16 inches across
All the pages of the
Encyclopedia Brittanica
1/120 inch= diameter of
a dot in the Encyclopedia
÷
resolving power
of a human eye
80 Angstroms
(32 atoms in ordinary metal)
25,000
=
Feynman’s Talk, 1959, Caltech
“What are the limitations as to how small a thing has
to be before you can no longer mold it? How many
times when you are working on something
frustratingly tiny like your wife's wrist watch, have
you said to yourself, ``If I could only train an ant to
do this!'' What I would like to suggest is the
possibility of training an ant to train a mite to do this”
Feynman’s Talk, 1959, Caltech
“A friend of mine (Albert R. Hibbs) suggests a very
interesting possibility for relatively small machines. He says
that, although it is a very wild idea, it would be interesting
in surgery if you could swallow the surgeon. You put the
mechanical surgeon inside the blood vessel and it goes into
the heart and ``looks'' around. It finds out which valve is the
faulty one and takes a little knife and slices it out.”
•Electron-Beam Fabrication
•Molecular Beam Epitaxy
•Nanoimprint Lithography
•Spin Electronics
•Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS)
•Nano-Technology first used by N.Taniguchi
(1974)
•Nanotechnology became popularized after
K.E. Drexler’s book “Engines of Creation” in
1986.
What does Nanotechnology mean?
•“Nano” derives from the greek word for dwarf.
•It represents a billionth of a unit.
1nm = billionth of a meter = 10-9 m
How small is a nanometer?
Nanotechonology: Real or just a buzz word?
•Some nanotechnology isn’t nano
•Nanotechnology, in some cases is not technology
•Nanotechnology is a new word but not an entirely
new field.
Why not an entire new field?
•Nano-sized carbon particles used in tires for about
100 years
•Vaccines, which often consist of one or more
proteins with nanoscale dimensions
•Chemical catalysts, such as those turning cheap
graphite into synthetic diamond.
•Photosynthesis (natural nanotechnology)
Photosynthesis
What is special about Nanotechnology?
•Broad Interdisciplinary field
•Borderland between the atoms and the macroworld
•Human control at the finest scale
Nanotechnology: Is it fiction?
From Fiction to Reality: Skeptical Questions
•Can macroscopic objects be built from molecular
scale processes?
•Are molecular objects stable?
•What about quantum effects?
•What about Brownian effects?
•What about high-energy radiation?
•What about friction and wear?
Nanotechnology does not violate any physical law.
Approaches to Nanotechnology
•Top-Down Approach
•Bottom-Up Approach
Top-Down Approach
1/4
Machine Shop
1/4
Reduced-Scaled
Machine Shop
MicroElectro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)
MicroElectro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)
MicroElectro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)
Microcar by Nippondenso Co.
Body: 4 mm long, 1.8 mm wide and 1.8 mm high
Tires: 0.7 mm diameter, 0.17 mm wide
Licence Plate: 10 micron thick
Top-Down Nanofabrication
Top-Down Nanofabrication
Electron Beam Lithography
•Pattern written in a polymer film with a beam of electrons
•No blurring of features
•Very expensive and time-consuming
X-ray Lithography
•Wavelength = 0.1-10 nm, no blurring
•Conventional lenses do not focus X-rays
•Radiation damage of materials
Top-Down Nanofabrication
Bottom-Up Nanofabrication
•Supramolecular and molecular chemistry
•Scanning probes
•Biotechnology
Supramolecular Chemistry
(Chemistry of non-covalent bonds)
Self-Assembly demands:
•Well-defined adhesion between molecules
•Shape and size complementarity
•Large contact areas
•Strong overall binding
Advantages of Self-Assembly
•It carries by itself the most difficult steps in nanofabrication,
i.e., the smallest steps
•Can incorporate biological structures directly as components
in the final systems.
•Because target structures are thermodynamically stable, it
produces structures that are relatively defect-free and
self-healing.
Self-Assembly
Carbon Nanotubes
Growth of C nanotubes
CVD Synthesis
Self-Assembly
Carbon Nanotubes
Structure of C Nanotubes
Single Walled Nanotube
Multi Walled Nanotube
Gears of C Nanotubes
70 GHz
Gears of C Nanotubes
>150 GHz
Rack/Pinion C Nanotubes
Quantum Dots
Bottom-Up Nanofabrication
•Supramolecular and molecular chemistry
•Scanning probes
•Biotechnology
Scanning Probes
Manipulation of Atoms by SP
Atomic Writing by SP
Bottom-Up Nanofabrication
•Supramolecular and molecular chemistry
•Scanning probes
•Biotechnology
Drexler wrote:
“The ability to design protein molecules
will open a path to the fabrication of
devices to complex atomic specfications”
Biotechnology
Biological Molecular Machine: Ribosome
1 large RNA
1 small RNA
33 proteins
1 RNA
21 proteins
Ribosome as an assembler
Abalone
Abalone Shell: Self Assembly
Applications
•Nanodevices
•Nanoelectronics
•Nanomedicine
Nanodevices
Single-Electron Transistor
Challenges for Nanodevices
•Communication between the macroworld and the
nanoworld.
•Surfaces (high surface/volume ratios)
Nanoelectronics
•1st level of organization: transistors
•2nd level of organization: interconnects
Molecular Transistors
C Nanotube Interconnects
•Wire interconnect delays account for half of chip
signal delays
•Copper interconnects being used for 130nm
devices
•Microelectronic devices being scaled down from
130nm to 50nm generation
•Copper interconnects not suitable for 50nm devices
C Nanotube Interconnects
First level interconnect
C Nanotube Interconnects
Single wall
nanotube
 ~ 1.4 nm
Jc = 109 A/cm2
ts ~ 30GPa
K ~ 2000W/mK
DNA Computing
Nanomedicine
Magnetic Nanoparticles
S
N
Nanomedicine
Nanomedicine
Nanotechnology: A Look to the Future
Estimated government sponsored R&D in $millions-year
Fiscal
Year
1997
2000
2001
2002
Europe
126
200
225
400
Japan
120
245
465
650
USA
116
270
422
604
Others
70
110
380
500
Total
432
825
1502
2154
Nanotechnology R&D at the Department of Defense
(Funding:$140 M)
•Chem-bio warfare defense: sensors with improved detection
sensitivity and selectivity, decontamination.
•Protective Armors for the warrior: Strong, light-weight
bullets-stopping armor
•Reduction in weight of warfighting equipment:Miniaturization
of sensors,computers, comm devices, and power supplies.
•High performance platforms and weapons: Greater stealth,
higher strength light-weight materials and structures.
•Energy and Energetic Materials: Energetic nano-particles for fast
release explosives and slow release propellants.
•Uninhabited vehicles: Miniaturization to reduce payload.
Nanotechnology R&D at the Department of Energy
(Funding:$100 M)
•Fossil energy: materials performing under extreme temperatures and
pressures, nanostructured catalysts for optimal petroleum refining.
•Energy efficiency: High-performance magnets, nanofluids, smart
Materials, strong, tough, ductile materials.
•Renewable energy: Energy storage systems, nanostructured materials
for hydrogen storage.
•Nuclear Energy: Radiation tolerant materials, nanostructures that lower
waste disposal costs.
Nanotechnology R&D at NASA
(Funding:$46 M)
•Nanostructured Materials: High strength/mass ratio, smart materials,
•Nanoelectronics: Space qualified data storage, self-healing systems for
extended missions.
•Sensors: Nanodevices, NEMS flight system.
•Nanoscience: Self-assembly and processing in space, space-induced
health effects.
Nanotechnology R&D at NIH
(Funding:$40 M)
•Detection of Diseases
•Implants to replace worn or damaged body parts.
•Delivery of therapeutics
•Nanoimaging
•Cell Biology
•Nano-motors
•Cellular implants