Transcript What is A Microprocessor?

The First Microprocessor
By: Mark Tocchet and João Tupinambá
What is A Microprocessor?
A Microprocessor is
the CPU that performs
basic operations in a
microcomputer,
consisting of an
integrated circuit
contained on a single
chip.
Video about
the microprocessor.
How A Microprocessor Works
The way a chip works
depends on how many
transistors and gates it
has. These transistors
act as switches. A gate
turns the transistor on
and off allowing
electrical currents to
send, receive and
process digital data (in
binary) as instructions
and information.
Designer: Federico Faggin
He was the leader of
the design/development
project of the first
microprocessor.
Faggin did the detailed
logic and circuit design,
chip layout and
program testing
development without
any previous chip
design experience.
He was the original
developer of the Silicone
Gate Technology.
The Intel 4004
The Intel 4004 was the
first microprocessor,
made in 1971. Silicone
gate technology, which
allowed a higher
number of transistors
and gates to be added,
was one of the main
reasons it was made.
Making it much faster
then before.
Construction of The Intel 4004
Many versions of the
Intel 4004 processor
were produced. The
earliest versions were
ceramic and used a
Zebra pattern of white
and gray on the back of
the chips. The next
generation of the chip
was plain white
ceramic.
Use of The Intel 4004
The first commercial
and most famous use
of this microprocessor
was in the Busicom
calculator 141-PF.
Other uses were mainly
for research purposes.
Microprocessor Timeline
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Maximum clock speed was 740 kHz
•
Instruction execution time 1 or 2 instruction
cycles (10.8 or 21.6 µs), 46300 to 92600
instructions per second
Separate program and data storage. Contrary
to Harvard architecture designs, however,
which use separate buses, the 4004, with its
need to keep pin count down, used a single
multiplexed 4-bit bus for transferring:
– 12-bit addresses
– 8-bit instructions
– 4-bit data words
Instruction set contained 46 instructions (of
which 41 were 8 bits wide and 5 were 16 bits
wide)
Register set contained 16 registers of 4 bits
each
Internal subroutine stack 3 levels deep.
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Microprocessor Timeline
•
Maximum clock speed was 740 kHz
•
Instruction execution time 1 or 2 instruction
cycles (10.8 or 21.6 µs), 46300 to 92600
instructions per second
Separate program and data storage. Contrary
to Harvard architecture designs, however,
which use separate buses, the 4004, with its
need to keep pin count down, used a single
multiplexed 4-bit bus for transferring:
– 12-bit addresses
– 8-bit instructions
– 4-bit data words
Instruction set contained 46 instructions (of
which 41 were 8 bits wide and 5 were 16 bits
wide)
Register set contained 16 registers of 4 bits
each
Internal subroutine stack 3 levels deep.
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The Modern Differenece
The Intel 4004
Intel® Core™ i7-3770T Processor
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3mm by 4mm chip.
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37.5mm x 37.5mm.
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10 micron tech.
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Ball micro technology.
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2300 transistors.
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Over 2,000,000,000 transistors.
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Initially US $200.
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Initially US $294.
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Can address 640 bytes.
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Can address 8 Megabytes
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500 kHz to 740 kHz.
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9.29 GHz.
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Typically 60000 instructions/sec.
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Typically 68,719,476,736 instructions/sec.
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50 8 bit instructions (originally only had 46
instructions).
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Latest 64 Bit instructions.
Selecting a Microprocessor
Types
There are two primary manufacturers of computer microprocessors. Intel and Advanced Micro
Devices (AMD). Both companies make both single-core and multi-core processors.
Features
Each processor has a clock speed which is measured in gigahertz (GHz). Also, a processor has a
front side bus which connects it with the system's random access memory (RAM.) CPUs also
typically have two or three levels of cache.
Considerations
The CPU you install must have the same socket size as the slot on the motherboard. Also, when
you install a new processor, you may need to install a heat sink and fan. This is because faster
processors produce more heat than slower ones.
Size
Check the speed of the front side bus (FSB) when purchasing your new computer or CPU. A front
side bus of 800 MHz or greater is essential for fast processing speeds. The processor's cache is also
important. Make sure it has at least 1 MB of last level cache if your computing needs are average.
If you're an extreme gamer or if you run intensive graphics programs, get the processor with the
largest cache.
Benefits
Getting a processor with a dual, triple or quad core can make a significant difference in the
processing power of your computer. It's like having two, three or four separate processors installed
on your computer at one time.
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