Transcript Drilling & Related Hole Making Processes

Lecture One
Introduction to Engineering Materials & Applications
Introduction to Engineering Materials & Applications
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Materials science is primarily concerned with the search for basic
knowledge about the internal structure, properties, and processing of
materials. Materials' engineering is mainly concerned with the use of
fundamentals and applied knowledge of materials so that the materials
can be converted into products necessary or desired by the society.
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Materials in Industry: Industrial applications of materials science
include materials design, cost, processing techniques (casting, rolling,
welding, ion implantation, crystal growth, thin-film deposition,
sintering, etc.) and analytical techniques (electron microscopy, x-ray
diffraction, calorimetry, backscattering, neutron diffraction, etc.).
General Categories of Engineering Materials Used Today
in Manufacturing Industries
Materials Science & Engineering
Performance
Materials Engineering
Designing the structure to achieve
specific properties of materials.
Processing
Structure
• Processing
Properties
• Structure
Materials Science
• Properties
Investigating the relationship between structure
and properties of materials.
• Performance
Processing >> Structure >> Properties >> Performance
General Categories of Engineering Materials Used Today
in Manufacturing Industries
What is Materials Science and Engineering?
Materials Performance: Strength-to-weight ratio, formability, cost
Processing >>> Structure >>> Properties >>> Performance
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Composition means the chemical make-up of a material.
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Structure means a description of the arrangements of atoms or ions
in a material.
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Synthesis is the process by which materials are made from naturally
occurring or other chemicals.
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Processing means different ways for shaping materials into useful
components or changing their properties.
What is Materials Science & Engineering?
Materials Processing
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Casting
Forging
Extrusion
Stamping
Nanotechnology
Sintering
Materials Characterization:
• Diffraction with x-rays, electrons, or
neutrons and various forms of
spectroscopy and chemical analysis
• Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS),
• Chromatography,
• Thermogravimetric analysis,
• Electron microscope analysis
Materials Properties
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Physical behavior, Response to
environment
Mechanical (e.g., stress-strain)
Thermal
Electrical
Magnetic
Optical
Corrosive
Introduction to Engineering Materials & Applications
Subfields of Materials Science
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Biomaterials: Metals for implantation must be corrosion resistant. Three
main categories of metals for implants are stainless steels, cobalt-chromium
alloys and titanium alloys. Additional metals used for dental implants are
amalgam and gold.
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Electronic Materials: Semiconductors used to create integrated circuits,
storage media, sensors, and other devices. Semiconductors have special
electronic properties which allow them to be insulating or conducting
depending on their composition. Examples (Silicon and Germanium, III-V
Compounds e.g. GaAs)
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Main application of semiconductors are transistors,
(LEDs) and diode lasers). Semiconductors are used
consumer products (23%), communications
manufacturing industries (12%), automobiles (5%),
(2%).
light emitting diodes
in computers (45%),
equipment (13%),
and by the military
Introduction to Engineering Materials & Applications
Subfields of Materials Science
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Piezoelectric Materials: Piezoelectric materials are used in acoustic
transducers, which convert acoustic (sound) waves into electric fields, and
electric fields into acoustic waves. Transducers are found in telephones,
stereo music systems, and musical instruments. Quartz, a piezoelectric
material, is often found in clocks and watches.
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Magnetic Materials: Magnetic materials are used in electrical power
applications such as transformers and motors, in video monitor picture tubes
to move electron beams, and in computer disks or video or audio tapes to
record information. Most materials can be classified as diamagnetic,
paramagnetic or ferromagnetic.
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Superconductors: A superconductor can conduct electricity without
electrical resistance at temperatures above absolute zero. Superconductors
are used in medical instruments such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI) systems.
Introduction to Engineering Materials & Applications
Subfields of Materials Science
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Ceramics and Glasses: High temperature materials including structural
ceramics such as, polycrystalline SiC and transformed toughed ceramics.
Non-crystalline material includes inorganic glasses, vitreous metals and
non-oxide glasses.
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Composites Materials: Composites are formed from two or more types of
materials. Examples include polymer/ceramic and metal/ceramic
composites. There are three types of composites; 1) Particulate composites ,
2) Laminate composites (Tennis rackets) and 3) Fiber reinforced composites
(e.g. fiberglass)
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Optical Fibers: An optical fiber contains three layers: 1) a core made of
highly pure glass with a high refractive index for the light to travel, 2) a
middle layer of glass with a lower refractive index known as the cladding
which protects the core glass from scratches and other surface
imperfections, and 3) an outer polymer jacket to protect the fiber from
damage.
Introduction to Engineering Materials & Applications
Subfields of Materials Science
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Fiber-Reinforced Composites are used in some of the most advanced, and
therefore most expensive, sports equipment, such as a time-trial racing
bicycle frame.
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Advanced Materials: Advanced engineered materials are playing a major
role in the rapid growth of the global telecommunication network.
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Nanotechnology: It is the creation and study of materials whose defining
structural properties are anywhere from less than a nanometer to one
hundred nanometers in scale.
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Crystallography: The study of how atoms in a solid fill space, the defects
associated with crystal structures such as grain boundaries and dislocations,
and the characterization of these structures and their relation to physical
properties.
Introduction to Engineering Materials & Applications
Classification of Materials
Metals and Alloys: Iron and steel, superalloys, intermetallic compounds
Ceramics, Glasses and Glass-ceramics: High temperature materials.
Structural ceramics such as, polycrystalline SiC and transformed toughed
ceramics, Whitewares (e.g. porcelains). Electrical Ceramics (capacitors,
insulators, transducers, etc. Chemically Bonded Ceramics (e.g. cement and
concrete). Glass, Non-crystalline material including inorganic glasses,
vitreous metals and non-oxide glasses, Glass optical fibers,
Polymers, Thermoplastics and Thermosets Plastics, Liquid crystals and
Adhesives.
Electronic, Magnetic and Optical Materials (solid-state lasers, LEDs).
Composite Materials and Biomaterials: Man-made proteins, biosensors,
drug-delivery colloids (polymer based)
Introduction to Engineering Materials & Applications
Functional Classification of Materials
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Aerospace (Composites, SiO2-Amorphous silicon, Al-alloys, Super alloys)
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Biomedical ( Titanium alloys, Stainless steels, plastics)
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Electronic Materials (Si, GaAs, BaTiO3, Conducting Polymers)
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Energy and Environmental Technology (Uo2, Ni-Cd, ZrO2, LiCoO2,
Amorphous Si-H)
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Magnetic Materials (Fe, Fe-Si, NiZn and MnZn ferrites, Co-Pt-Ta-Cr)
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Optical Materials (SiO2, GaAs, Glasses, Al2O3)
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Smart Materials (NI-Ti shape memory alloys)
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Structural Materials (Steels, concrete, fiberglass, plastics, wood)
Introduction to Engineering Materials & Applications
Periodic Table of Elements
Introduction to Engineering Materials & Applications
Applications, and properties for each category of materials
Example of Applications
Metals and Alloys
Gray cast iron
Automobile engine blocks
Ceramics and
Glasses
SiO2-Na2O-CaO
Polymers
Polyethylene
Semiconductors
Silicon
Composites
Tungsten carbide
-cobalt (WC-Co)
Window glass
Properties
Castable, machinable,
vibration damping
Optically transparent,
thermally insulating
Food packaging
Easily formed into thin,
flexible, airtight film
Transistors and integrated
circuits
Carbide cutting tools for
machining
Unique electrical
behavior
High hardness
good shock resistance
Introduction to Engineering Materials & Applications
Classification of Materials-Based on Structure
1.
Crystalline material is a material comprised of one or many crystals. In
each crystal, atoms or ions show a long-range periodic arrangement.
2.
Single crystal is a crystalline material that is made of only one crystal
(there are no grain boundaries).
3.
Polycrystalline material is a material comprised of many crystals (as
opposed to a single-crystal material that has only one crystal). Grains are
the crystals in a polycrystalline material. Grain boundaries are regions
between grains of a polycrystalline material.
Introduction to Engineering Materials & Applications
Structure of Materials: Technological Relevance
Level of Structure
Example of Technologies
Atomic Structure
Diamond – edge of cutting tools
Atomic Arrangements LongRange Order(LRO)
Lead-zirconium-titanate[Pb(Zrx Ti1-x )]
Atomic Arrangements: ShortRange Order (SRO)
Amorphous silica - fiber optical
communications industry
Nanostructure
Nano-sized particles of iron oxide –
ferrofluids
Microstructure
Mechanical strength of metals and alloys
Macrostructure
Paints for automobiles for corrosion
resistance
Introduction to Engineering Materials & Applications
Properties of Materials
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Mechanical properties: Elasticity and stiffness, plasticity, strength,
brittleness or toughness, and fatigue.
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Electrical properties: Electrical conductivity and resistivity
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Magnetic properties: Paramagnetic, diamagnetic, and ferromagnetic
properties.
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Dielectric
properties:
Polarizability,
piezoelectric, and pyroelectric properties.
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Optical properties: Refractive index, absorption,
transmission, and birefringence (double refraction).
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Corrosion, fatigue, and creep properties
capacitance,
ferroelectric,
reflection,
and
Introduction to Engineering Materials & Applications
© 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™
Strengths of various categories of materials
Introduction to Engineering Materials & Applications
© 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™
Variation of Strengths with Temperature for various categories of materials
Introduction to Engineering Materials & Applications
Materials Design and Selection
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Density is mass per unit volume of a material, usually expressed in
units of g/cm3 or lb/in.3
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Strength-to-weight ratio is the strength of a material divided by its
density; materials with a high strength-to-weight ratio are strong but
lightweight.
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