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•Introduction to Embedded systems
•Basic Components
•Parallel Port Basics
•Introduction to Microcontrollers
•Introduction to Robotics
•Conclusion
• An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the
computer is completely encapsulated by the device it controls.
• Examples of embedded systems
• automatic teller machines (ATMs)
• avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control hardware/software and other
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integrated systems in aircraft and missiles
cellular telephones and telephone switches
computer equipment such as routers and printers
engine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobiles
home automation products, like thermostats, air conditioners, sprinklers, and security
monitoring systems
handheld calculators
household appliances, including microwave ovens, washing machines, television sets,
DVD players/recorders
• Resistors:
• -Resistors are electronic components which resist the flow of electronic current.
• The higher the value of resistance (measured in ohms) the lower the current will be.
This was discovered by Mr Ohm.
• Colour coding of Resistors:
• Capacitors: Capacitors are basically two parallel metal plates separated by an insulator
• Transistors are active components and are found every where in electronic circuits.
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A junction Transistor is simply sandwiched of any type of semiconductor material
between two layer of other type. There are two type of Transistor1-PNP- when a layer of N type material is sandwiched between two layer of P type
material the
transistor is known as PNP transistor.
2-NPN- when a layer of P type material is
sandwiched between two layer of N type material
the transistor is known as NPN transistor.
An LED is the device shown above. Besides red, they can also be yellow, green and blue.
• Diodes are components that allow current to flow in only one direction. They have a
positive side (leg) and a negative side.
• An LED is the device shown above. Besides red, they can also be yellow, green and
blue.
• COMPUTER INTERFACING:• It is a process of interconnecting external hardware to the computer system
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i.e. external hardware is interfaced with the computer so that it can be
controlled by the computer.
We require hardware as well as software to control external hardware
through computer system. The hardware can be connected to the computer
through various ports provided.
A port can be considered as external opening through whish hardware can be
connected. There are two types of interfacing ports.
1- Serial port :- in it data is transmitted serially along a single channel i.e.
data is transmitted bit by bit along a single channel. Generally it has 9 pins.
2- Parallel port:In computers, ports are used mainly for two reasons: Device control and
communication. We can program PC's Parallel ports for both. Parallel ports
are mainly meant for connecting the printer to the PC. But we can program
• Microcontroller:- basiclly for embedded system or in interfacing we use 89s51 microcontroller.
• microcontroller may be called ‘computer on chip’, since it has basic features of microprocessor (like ALU, registers, flags,
program counter, stack pointer, clock and interrupt circuit) with internal ROM, RAM, parallel and serial I/O ports. The prime use
of a microcontroller is to control the operation of machine using a fixed program stored in internal ROM, which cannot be
changed. Hence, microcontrollers are special purpose devices, while microprocessors are general-purpose devices.
The microcontroller has following features:
The 8-bit CPU with register A (Accumulator) and B.
16-bit Program Counter (PC) and Data Pointer (DPTR)
registers.
8-bit Stack Pointer (SP)
8-bit Program Status Word (PSW) – the flag register.
4KB internal ROM
128 byte internal RAM
Four 8-bit ports (P0-P3), i.e., 32 I/O
Full duplex, Serial Data Transmitter/Receiver (SBUF)
Two 16-bit timer/counters (T0 and T1)
Control Registers
TCON
TMOD
SCON
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• In practical usage, a Robot is a mechanical device which performs automated
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physical tasks, either according to direct human supervision, a pre-defined program,
or a set of general guidelines using artificial intelligence techniques.
Mobile Robots
Mobile robots are able to move, usually they perform task such as search areas. A
prime example is the Mars Explorer, specifically designed to
roam the mars surface.
Stationary Robots
Robots are not only used to explore areas or imitate a human bei being. Most robots
perform repeating tasks without ever moving an inch. moving an inch.
Autonomous Robots
Autonomous robots are self supporting or in other
words self contained. In a way they rely on their own
‘brains’.
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Remote-control Robots
An autonomous robot is despite its autonomous not a
very clever or intelligent unit. The memory and brain city is usually limited.
An autonomous robot can be compared t o an insect in that respect.
• An engineer must have a good practical as well as theoretical knowledge. He
must be technically sound as book knowledge is incomplete.
• The technical training was an educative as well as interactive. We learned
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how to make the people learn. Technical lectures presented by the
professional technicians related to topics like Robotics, Assembly language
were really interesting and healthy to learn the industrial trends. The
additional activities such as a session on Aptitude questions and
presentations related to the topics provided the chance for overall
development of an engineer. It made us learn about the importance of
teamwork.
Research and Development center is a true platform to initiate the step
towards professionalism in an engineer’s life. I am thankful to all the faculty
members and R&D in charge for supporting my work and for providing a
right track.