Transcript 8 Nonverbal Signals

Nonverbal Signals
Microsoft Photo
A nonverbal signal can show
different meanings
1
What do you think this indicates?
What is
the
relation
between
these two
persons?
What is the relationship here?
What
does
this
signify?
What is being communicated here?
What is
being
commu
nicated
here?
What
type of
person
is this
lady?
What is her personality?
What are his thoughts?
Up yours
French gesture for 'I don't believe you' ,
guess what this Iranian gesture means?
• No. 1 for me/ Good luck / screw you
Screw you
• This gesture teaches an extremely important lesson.
This gesture is identical to the American/English
gesture for ‘Good Luck to you.’
• But it is an obscene (淫猥的) gesture, and an
American traveling in Iran would outrage people there
if the American performed this gesture.
• When in another culture or society, we should never
'mirror' a gesture that someone presents to us-without knowing it, we could be deeply offending that
person and inviting conflict.
Who won the game of one-on-one basketball?
• a. The man on the left
• b. The man on the right
The man on the right
• He seems confident, poised and modest-all qualities that suggest he is the winner
of the game.
Greetings
• Firm Handshake – 200 years old
• Hug – Informal greetings only. Asian countries do not
like it.
• Bowing – Many Asian countries
• One-Pump Handshake in Europe
• Islamic countries – No male/female touching allowed
for greetings
• South America – Handshake and Back Slap
Non Verbal Communications
•
•
•
•
•
•
700,000 Different Physical Signs
250,000 Different Facial Expressions
5,000 Different Hand Gestures
1,000 Different Postures
Smile – Universal Gesture
Hiding Face – Universal Gesture
– Only two universal gestures
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sadness/Grief
Happiness/Joy
Fear/Anxiety
Embarrassment/Surprise
Anger/Frustration
Nervousness
Laughter
Loneliness
Winning/Losing
Pain
Shame
TEARS
A world Beyond Words
Non-verbal Communication
zhangning
07/05/2015
22
Before we turn our attention to a detailed
explanation of non-verbal communication
(NVC), we need to be very clear about our
understanding of the term ‘verbal’.
Quick discussion:
what do you think ‘verbal’ means?
Verbal Communication
• We often use the term ‘verbal’ to mean ‘spoken’.
e.g. “I gave her a verbal warning.”
• In Communication & Culture, we use the word
‘verbal’ in a slightly different and more
technical way.
Definition of Verbal
Verbal = communicating with words and
language (as opposed to images, actions or
behaviour)
Verbal communication is restricted to
language.
Definition of nonverbal communciation
•
A system of symbols, signs and gestures
developed and used by members of a culture
to bring specific messages to expression.
(Sitaram & Cogdell; Ministerie van WVC, 1991)
26
Characteristics of Nonverbal
Communication
• Intentional or unintentional
• Ambiguous
• Primary
• Continuous
• Multi-channeled
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The Interplay Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
• Repeating
– Your nonverbals simply repeat what you’ve said
• Substituting
– Your nonverbals replace language
– Emblems (e.g., nodding)
The Interplay Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
• Complementing & Accenting
– Your nonverbals add depth and meaning to your
language
– Illustrators/Affect displays
• Regulating
– Your nonverbals help regulate the conversation
• Contradicting
– You say one thing, but your nonverbals say another
Different Types of Non-verbal Communication
毕继万（1995）
• 体态语（body language，包括各种表情、动 作、姿
态）
• 副语言（paralanguage，包括沉默与非语义声音）
• 客体语（object language，包括皮肤颜色、气味、
衣着化妆、家具等）
• 环境语言（environmental language，包括时间，空
间、颜色、城市规划以及人对自然的影响等，即影响
生理与心理的环境因素）。
Different categorization
对非言语交际方式，有种种不同的分类法，而且各子系统往往出
现相互交叉或包容现象。下面将引述安德逊（Andersen，见
Samovar et al．，1991：287)的分类系统。安德逊对非言语交
际系统的划分比较全面，并按照人们对其研究的深度，由深到
浅地划分出以下几个子系统：
安德逊（Andersen)
1）时间学(chronemics)——研究人们利用时间的方式
及其意义。
2）空间学（proxemics）——研究人际距离及空间使
用方式及其意义。
3）身势学（kinesics）——研究人们的面部表情
（facial expression）、身体动作（body
movements）、手势（gestures）等。
4）体触学（haptics）——研究身体接触所传达的信息。
安德逊（Andersen)
5）外表（physical appearance）——研究人们的
肤色、衣着打扮及身体形态等。
6）目光学（oculesics）——研究人们通过目光接
触（eye contact），眨眼（blinks），眼珠转动
（eye movements）及瞳孔放大（pupil dilation）
等所传达的信息。
7）副语言 （paralanguage／vocalics）——研究声
音的非言语成分 （nonverbal elements）所传达的
信息。
8）嗅觉学（olfactics）——研究人们如何通过气味
来传达信息。
What may “body language” refer to?
Facial
expressions
gestures
Eye contact
Body
positions
Body
movements
Space
keeping/touch
Overview of Nonverbal Communication
1. Body Language
2. Paralanguage
• General
appearance
and dress
• Silence
• Gestures
• Volumn
• Eye contact
• Facial
expression
• Posture
• Touching
• Pitch
3. Environment
Language
• Space
• Time
1.1Physical Appearance
• “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder”
• We tend to notice obvious things first (gender,
race), then note attractiveness
• Physically attractive people generally are
perceived better
• Importance placed on physical appearance
can be very damaging
• It’s what we do with it that’s most important
Artifacts
• Include clothing, jewelry, personal belongings,
accessories, etc.
• Communicate economic level, educational level,
trustworthiness, social position, level of sophistication
economic background, social background,
educational background, level of success, moral
character, masculinity/femininity
• Important part of first impressions
(1) General Appearance and Dress
• Muslin girls usually wear scarves to cover their heads, and in
most instance, “girls are not allowed to participate in swimming
classes because of the prohibitions against exposing their
bodies.” Modesty is highly valued among Arabs.
• Perhaps nowhere in the world is the merger between attire and a
culture’s value system more evident than in Japan. “The
proclivity(倾向,癖性 ) for conservative dress styles and colors
emphasizes the nation’s collectivism and, concomitantly(同时
地）, lessens the potential for social disharmony arising from
nonconformist attire.”
1.2 Body Language
• Body language refers to all nonverbal codes which are
associated with body movements.
• Body language includes gestures, head movements, facial
expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that
can be used to communicate.
(1) General Appearance and Dress
Concern with how one appears is universal.
We make inferences (often faulty) about another’s “intelligence,
gender, age, approachability, financial well-being, class, tastes,
values, and cultural background” from attractiveness, dress,
and personal artifacts.
Do you select attractive friends over less attractive ones?
Hands
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Clapping to indicate applause
Hand Shaking to greet in some countries
Hand Holding for affection and respect
Hand Waving for greeting
High Five to indicate approval
Fist Pounding to indicate anger
Touching Wood indicates good luck
Finger(1)
• In the United States, the index finger is used to point to objects
and even at people.
• Germans point with the little finger
• Japanese point with the entire hand, palms up
• In much of Asia, pointing with the index finger is considered
rude
Finger(2)
• 英语国家的人有不少‘手语’，其一就是cross one's fingers或
keep one's fingers crossed。Cross one's fingers. 即把中指放
在食指上，作有点像十字架的交叉状。十字架在西方代表上帝，
所以cross one's fingers有‘祝福’、‘祈求好运’的意思，例
如：I am crossing my fingers that nothing untoward will
happen to him.（我祈求不幸的事不会降临他身上）。Keep
your fingers crossed for him. 即‘为他祝福吧’。留意cross
your fingers是说的多，确实做这手势的少。
Finger(3)
• 说到手指，不能不谈谈‘伸出中指’这个下流手势，英文叫做
give someone the finger，例如：The presidential candidate
appeared quite unperturbed when a few in the audience gave
him the finger.（听众席上有些人向总统候选人伸出中指，但他
若无其事）。要说得幽默一点，把gave him the finger改为gave
him one-finger salutes（一只手指的敬礼）也无不可。
Thumb
• 此外还有thumbs up（拇指向上）、thumbs down（拇指向下）
的手势。古罗马斗士战败，观众做出拇指朝上手势，是说‘可
以饶他性命’；做出拇指朝下手势，则是说‘杀却’。今天，
thumbs up常用来表示嘉许或接受，thumbs down则表示不满或
反对，例如：The authorities have given the thumbs up. /
thumbs down on our plan.（当局接受 / 否决了我们的计划）。
What may the O.K. sign mean?
• In Brazil
a. rudeness
• In Russia
b. money
• In France
c. something vulgar
• In Japan
d. something worthless
Arms
• Folded Arms indicates a defensive position
• Arms on Hips indicates anger or aggression
• Arms Behind Back indicates ease and control
(2) Gestures
• Do you know what the following gestures means?
Number 1 is used together with the
verbal message “Let’s keep our
fingers crossed” in the United States,
England, and Sweden to mean that
the person is hoping for good luck.
But in Greece and Turkey it means
the breaking of a friendship, and in
parts of Italy it means “O.K.”.
Number 2 is normally used
when talking privately about
a third person, meaning that
person is crazy, often in a
joking way.
Number 3 indicates “I have
no idea.” / “I don’t know.”
The gesture in Picture 4 means that
“I can’t / didn’t hear you.”
Number 5 means “That’s
enough. It’s all over for
me.”
In Picture 6 the
“thumbs down” sign
indicates “rejection” or
“refusal”, “defeat” or
“no good” or “bad news”
to Americans.
“Something is a bit
suspicious / odd here.”
“Come
here.”
Number 9 is widely used in
the US to mean “Great,
perfect, acceptable, O. K.” But
is Belgium and France, it
means “zero”; in Turkey, Brazil,
Greece, and Malta, it has an
obscene meaning; and in
Tunisia, it is used as a threat.
Number 10 is used in Italy to
say “Hello.” For Indonesians,
Malaysians, and some speakers of
Arabic, it signals “Come here.”
Number 11 means “Oh, I forgot.”
or an expression of surprise.
The gesture in Number 12 means
“Slow down, relax or wait a
second.”
Number 13 is used to show
that someone is a champion or
a winner, usually in sports.
This gesture caused a serious
international misunderstanding
in 1959. Nikita Khrushchev, the
Soviet leader, was visiting the
US and used this gesture,
which means friendship in
Russia. American newspapers
printed it on page one. And the
American people understood it
to mean the opposite: that the
Soviet Union would defeat the
Picture 14 is one of the
few gestures which seems
to be used only in the US,
and many people feel it is
not as common as it once
was. This gesture is made
by moving one index
finger against the other. It
is usually used with
children. Or adults do it as
a joke. It means “You did
something bad; shame on
you.”
(3) Eye contact
• Thou tell’st me there is murder in mine eye.
---- Shakespeare
• Your lips tell me no, no, but there’s yes, yes in
your eyes。
---Musical ballad
Facial Gestures
• Face can show anger, pain, joy, shock, confidence, exhaustion,
surprise, suspicion, boredom, doubt, etc.
• Face can pout, grimace, snarl, wince, blush, gape, smirk, glare,
frown, etc.
• Face can nod, shake, jerk, tilt, duck, turn.
• Nodding the head up and down means Yes. It means No in
Iran and Turkey.
How to read her heart from her eyes?
Face and Eyes
Face and Eyes
• Over 1000 distinct facial expressions
• Eyes can be especially expressive
– “Windows to the soul”
• Men and women have been found to be equally
expressive
– Men show the most emotion in the lower left
quadrant of their face
– Women show emotion over their whole face
Eye Gestures
•
•
•
•
•
•
Eye contact indicates attention in America
Staring is rude in Korea, Japan, and Thailand
Eyebrow flash is a sign of flirtation
Wink is a sign of flirtation or shared secret
Dilated eyes indicates fear or anger
Rolling the eyes shows amazement
General guidelines
•
The eye contact in an elevator could be very brief. Direct visual contact with
another's eyes:
视线接触：直接与另一个人的眼睛进行视觉接触：
“He managed to say hello to 12 people in five seconds without making eye
contact with a single one”
•
In a crowded bus, a subway or train, the proper eye contact time could be
some 10 seconds.
•
Only a lecturer or a politician addressing an audience can hold eye contact
as long as he wishes.
• Generally speaking, if you look at your partner’s eyes from
time to time while speaking, you’ll be regarded as sociable,
friendly, confident and frank.
• If you avoid eye contact, you’ll be regarded as cold, distant,
unconfident and not involved in the conversation.
Direct eye-to-eye contact is not universal
A teenage Puerto Rican girl in a New York high school was
taken with a number of other girls to the principal for suspected
smoking. Although there was no proof of any wrongdoing and
although she had a good record, the principal decided she was
guilty and suspected her. “There was something sly and
suspicious about her.” he said in his report. “she just wouldn’t
meet my eyes. She wouldn’t look at me.”
Cross-cultural differences
• USA vs. France & Italy
Many American women visiting France or Italy are
acutely embarrassed because, for the first time in
their lives, men really look at them ---- their eyes, hair,
nose, lips, breasts, hips, legs, thighs, knees, ankles,
feet, clothes, hairdo, even their walk. These same
women, once having become used to being looked at,
often return to the United Sates and are overcome
with the feeling that “No one ever really looks at me
anymore.”
How about people in China and Japan?
Co-culture differences
• White American vs. Black American
* “Look at me when I talk to you!”
* “Don’t look at me in that tone of voice!”
* The white speaker interprets intended respect of black
behavior as dishonesty or at least inattentiveness.
Real life contact
• Do you change your eye contact length when you speak to
a disabled person, compared with to someone who is not
disabled?
Smiles and laughter
• In a Chinese classroom a girl was asked to answer a
question. She stood up and smiled, without making
any sound.
• When an American is parking his bicycle and bicycle
accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his
awkwardness, and is quite angered and humiliated
when Chinese onlookers laugh.
• Japanese men go so far as to hide anger, sorrow or
disgust by laughing or smiling.