Transcript Non-verbal Communication

NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Definition
1. includes all nonverbal stimuli in a
communicative setting generated by an
individual and the individual's use of
environment.
2. includes intentional and unintentional
nonverbal messages.
Functions of Nonverbal
Communication
 Repeats
 Substitutes
 Accents
 Regulates
 Contradicts
CHARACTERISTICS OF
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
 Often culturally derived--can vary in
meaning by culture.
 Often the opposite to the verbal message.
 Almost impossible not to use NVC.
 Up to 70 or 80% of communication,
between native speakers, is NVC.
 In a cross-cultural interchange, nonverbals
are even more important to understanding
the total meaning...
In contrast to spoken language,
nonverbal language:
 . May or may not be systematized, no rules
or regularity.
 Has no dictionary.
 Difficult to ask for clarification.
 . Generally impossible to control.
 . Nonverbal communication channels are
natural, and not learned.
II. Specific Nonverbal
Components
Proxemics
The use of space in communication.
There are 4 kinds of space: intimate,
personal, social, and public. The following
things factor into the use of space: age
and gender, culture and ethical
background, topic or subject matter,
setting, physical characteristics of
participants, attitudes and emotions,
characteristics of interpersonal
relationship, and personality.
North American Office
Japanese Office
Haptics
The use of touch in communications.
 Haptics or touch refers to
communicating through the use of
bodily contact .
 Some cultures are very
comfortable with bodily contact;
others avoid it.
In gestures (1991), Roger Axtell has
classified the following cultures as
“touch” and “don’t touch.
DON’T
TOUCH
Japan
United States
Canada
England
Avustralia
MIDDLE
GROUND
France
China
Ireland
İndia
TOUCH
Middle East
Countries
Latin
Countries
Italy
Greece
Some Assian
Countries
A different approach fromWatson, O.
Michael,he has classified the following
cultures as “contact groups” and “non
contact groups”
 Contact groups: Arabs: Iraq, Kuwait,
Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab
Republic; Latin Americans: Bolivia,
Cuba, Equador, El Salvador, Mexico,
Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Venezuela;
Southern Europeans: French, Italian,
Turkish.
 Non Contact Groups: Asian: China,
Indonesia, Japan, Phillipines, Thailand;
Northern Europeans: Austrailia,
England, Germany, the Netherlands,
Norway, Scotland; Americans are also
similar to this group; Indians and
Pakistans
Kinesics
The use of your body in communication, or body movements.
Kinesics, or body language, is one of the
most powerful ways that humans can
communicate nonverbally. It is used to
portray moods and emotions and to
emphasize or contradict what is being said.
– 1. body gestures
– 2. facial expression
– 3. eye contact
– 4. posture
A. body gestures
 .Hand Gestures
Hands and arms are used by
most of us to communicate our
thoughts, people rubbing arms
together, keeping their arms
closed, clinching the fists all
these tell what the person has on
his mind.
Hand Gestures
Do’s:
• Don'ts:
•gesture naturally
•gesture nervously
•gesture to reinforce your
content
tugging your ear
scratching your arm
licking your lips
•keep your hands in
any one position for
too long
fig leaf"
parade rest"
pocket change jingle"
use stylized, constantly
repeating gestures
describing size or shape
emphasizing an important
point
enumerating a list
pointing to a specific
item in your visual aid
Palm Gestures
People use two basic palm positions. The first has
the palm facing upwards and os characteristics of
the beggar asking for money or food. The second
has palm facing down as if it is holding down or
restraining. One of the most valuable ways of
discovering whether someone is being open and
honest or not, so to look for palm displays. When
someone begins to open p or be truthful, he will
expose all or part of his palms to another person.
Like most body language, this is a completely
unconscious gesture, one that gives you a felling
or hunch that the other person is telling the truth.
When a child is lying or concealing something, his
palms are hidden behind his pockets when he tries
to explain where he was. Thus the hidden palms
may give wifes a hunch that he is holding back the
truth.
'Dominant Palm Gesture'
'Submissive Palm Gesture'
'Authoritative Palm Gesture'
Hand Shaking
'Normal hand shake'
'Dominant Handshake'
'Submissive Handshake'
Leg Gestures
Crossed-Leg Gestures
The standard leg-cross position
The American figure 4 leg lock
position
Standing leg cross gestures
Smoking gestures
Positive Attitude
Negative Attitude
B. Facial Expressions
 The face and eyes convey the most
expressive types of body language.
Research conducted by Leathers (1976)
determined these ten types of meaning can
be communicated by facial
expressions;happiness, suprise, fear, anger,
contempt, interest, bewilderment, and
determination.
C.Eye Contact
The business gaze
The social gaze
The intimate gaze
The Shut Others Gestures
D. Posture
 Posture the way someone stands, sits or walks, can
send positive or negative nonverbal messages
 Posture can convey self- confidence, status and
interest
 Confident people generally have a relaxed posture,
yet stand errect and walk with assuarance.
 Walking with stopped shoulders and slow,
hesitating gait projects such negative messages as
lack of assurance and confidence
Chronemics
The use of time in communication.
Hall (1983) distinguished 2 patterns
of time that govern different
cultures: Monochronic Time
Schedule and Polychronic Time
Schedule
Monochronic and Polychronic
Monochronic
Does one thing at a time.
Time is very serious!
Job tends to be more
important than family
even.
Privacy is extremely
important.
Polychronic
Does several things at a
time.
Time is important but not
sacred.
Family and interpersonal
relationships are more
important than work.
Actively involved with
others.
-Works independentl
(Latin Americans,
(United States, Germany,
Scandinavia and Switzerland. ) Mediterranean people,
Arabians)
-Seldom borrows or lends
Beyond M- Time and P-time, Hall
(1959) also differentiatesfive time
intervals for arriving late for
appointments
 mumble something time
 slight apology time
 midly insulting time
 rude time
 downright insulting time