Transcript Introduction - International University of Japan

Introduction
Hun Myoung Park, Ph.D.,
Public Management and Policy Analysis Program
Graduate School of International Relations
International University of Japan
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Information Systems
“A set of interrelated components that
collect, manipulate, store, and disseminate
data and information.”
Manual information systems
Computerized information systems
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Components of IS 1
Technological components: hardware,
software, and telecommunication
Organizational components:
data/information, people, rules/procedures
An information system is not simply a set of
computer hardware (physical equipment)
and software
Telecommunications (Network): connectivity
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Components of IS 2
Data and information (database) are
essential since an information system is all
about data and information.
People operate and use the systems
Procedures/rules to use systems and perform
tasks. Formal and informal
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Basic Functions of IS
Input gathers and captures raw data
Process converts or transforms data into
useful output (information)
Output produces documents or reports of
what was processed
Feedback is information from the system and
is used to make changes to input or process
in the system
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Data versus Information
Data: raw facts
Information: facts organized and processed
to have specific meaning and values
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Type of Data
Text data: letters, numbers, and other
characters
Image data: graphic images and pictures
Audio data: sounds (music & speech) and
noise
Video data: moving images and pictures
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Valuable Information
“To deliver the right information to the right
person at the right time” (p.3)
Accurate, relevant, and complete
Reliable and verifiable
Timely and accessible (the right format)
Simple (Well organized)
Flexible and secure
Economical (Table 1.2 in p. 7)
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Five Basic Units 1
Input, output, control, ALU, and memory
Input unit reads data for processing
Output unit displays processed data
Control unit decodes instructions coordinate
flow of data in and out of ALU, register,
memory, etc.
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Five Basic Units 2
ALU (arithmetic and logic unit) processes
data
Memory unit : primary (volatile) and
secondary (nonvolatile) memory to store
data and information
* System unit = Control + ALU+ Memory
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Specific Information Systems
Electronic government, M-government
Electronic commerce, M-commerce
Transaction processing systems (TPS)
Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
Management information systems (MIS), PMIS
Decision support systems (DSS)
Knowledge management systems (KMS)
Artificial intelligence, expert systems
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Major Trends in IS 1
Interactivity (Web 2.0) allows users to get an
immediate responses
Connectivity connects computers,
telephones, and other electronic devices.
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Major Trends in IS 2
Digital convergence means technological
merger of several industries through various
devices that exchange information in the
digital format used in computers.
“The same information may be exchanged
among many kinds of equipment, using the
language of computers” (Hutchinson &
Sawyer: 2000:1.24)
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Major Trends in IS 3
Software dominates hardware
Network based computing (cloud computing)
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Why Publicness?
Environmental factors
Legal constraints
Political influence
Scrutiny
Complexity of objectives (ambiguous goals)
Fewer incentives for performance
All these make difference
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Public Information Systems
More emphasis on openness, accountability,
representativeness, equity
More limited by environments (politics)
External & vertical linkages
Support a variety of people without
discrimination (no digital inequality)
Incremental approach (Bozeman and
Bretschneider, 1986)
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References
Stair and Reynolds. 2016. Principles of
information systems, 12th ed. Cengage
Learning.
Morley and Parker. 2015. Understanding
computers, 15th ed. Cengage Learning.
Hutchinson and Sawyer. 2000. Computers,
Communications, and Information, 7th ed.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill