Transcript the arabs - jscholars

THE ARABS
•The Arabs were a Semitic-speaking people who lived in
the Arabian Peninsula.
In linguistics and ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical
"Shem", Hebrew: ‫שם‬, translated as "name", Arabic:
ّ‫ )سامي‬was first used to refer to a language family of
largely Middle Eastern origin, now called the Semitic
languages. This family includes the ancient and modern
forms of Akkadian, Amharic, Arabic, Aramaic, Ge'ez,
Hebrew, Maltese, Phoenician, Tigre and Tigrinya among
others.
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The Arabian Peninsula (in beige) includes the nine (9) countries of Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain,
Qatar,
the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen and Saudi Arabia.
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• The Arabs were nomads because of their
hostile surroundings, moved constantly to find
water and food for their animals.
• The Arabs lived as farmers and sheepherders
on the oases and rain-fed areas of the Arabian
Peninsula.
• The Arabs trace their ancestors to Abraham or
Ibrahim in Arabic and his son Ishmael.
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The Arabs recognized a supreme god
named Allah (Allah is Arabic for
“God”), they also believed in other
tribal gods.
The Arabs organized into tribes to help
one another.
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Q. WHAT FACTORS CONTRIBUTED TO
THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOWNS ON
THE ARABIAN PENINSULA?
A. The domestication of the camel led to
larger populations of people in the desert
and expanded the caravan trade. Towns
grew along the major routes.
THE LIFE OF MUHAMMAD
THE LIFE OF MUHAMMAD
See hand outs
TEACHINGS OF PROPHET MOH’D OR
THE FIVE PILLAR OF ISLAM
LESSON: CREATION OF AN ARAB
EMPIRE (P91) 31/1/2011
Prophet Moh’d had been both a
religious and a political leader, but he
had never named a successor. After
his death, some of his closest followers
chose Prophet Moh’d.’s father-in-law,
Abu Bakr, as caliph, or successor to
Prophet Mohammad.
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Under Abu Bakr, the Arabs defeated
the Byzantine army at Yarmuk in 636.
By 642, Syria, Egypt, and other parts of
northern Africa were added to the
new Arab empire.
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By 650, the Arabs had conquered the
entire Persian Empire. The courage of
the Arab soldiers who fought in these
conquests was enhanced by the belief
that Muslim warriors were assured a
place in Paradise if they died in battle.
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Q. WHO WAS THE FIRST CALIPH, OR
SUCCESSOR OF PROPHET MOH’D?
ANS. ________________________
Homework: Read page 92 successors
of the Arab Empire.
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Successors of the Arab Empire
• After Abu Bakr died, problems arose over who should
become the next caliph.
• In 661, Mu’awiyah, the governor of Syria became
caliph.
• He moved the capital of the Arab Empire from
Medina to Damascus in Syria.
• He made the office of caliph, called caliphate,
hereditary in his own family.
• He established the Umayyad dynasty.
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Early 700s – Arab forces conquered
and converted the Berbers, a pastoral
people in northern Africa.
• 710 – Berber and Arab forces moved into Spain.
• 725- Arabarmies had made most of Spain a
Muslim State.
• 732 – Arab forces were defeated at the Battle of
Tours in Gaul (present day France) ending Arab
expansion into Europe.
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• 717 – A muslim force attacking Constantinople
was defeated by Byzantines but the Arabas had
conquered the sourhern and eastern parts the
old Roman Empire. Arab power extended into
Mesopotamia, Persia, and central Asia.
• 750 – Abu Al-Abbas, a descendant of prophet
Moh’d ‘s uncle, overthrew the Umayyad dynasty
and set up the Abbasid dynasty which lasted
until 1258.
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• 762 – The Abbasid built a new capital city at
Baghdad, the capital of the Muslim empire during
the golden age.
HARUN AL-RASHID – A powerful caliph of Baghdad
in 786. His rule was a time of prosperity.
The Seljuk Turks – were nomadic people who had
converted to Islam and prospered soldiers for the
Abbasid caliphate.
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• 1055 –Turkish leader captured Baghdad and
took command of the entire empire. His title
was SULTAN, or “holder of power.”
• The Abbasid caliph remained the chief
religious authority, but the Seljuk Turks
assumed the real military and political power
of the state.
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MONGOLS – were a pastoral people
who swept out of the Gobi in the early
13th Century.
• 1258 – under Hulegu, the Mongols seized
Persia and Mosopotamia, destroying Baghdad
and ending of the Abbasid caliphate.
• As a result of the Mongol destruction of
Baghdad, the new center of Islamic civilization
became Cairo, in Egypt.
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ECONOMY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE –
P94
• The period of the Arab Empire was prosperous. The Arabs carried
on extensive trade by ship and by camel caravans, not only within
the Islamic world but also with:
1. China
2. Southeast Asia.
• From south of Sahara came gold and slaves.
• From China – silk and porcelain
• From eastern Africa – gold and ivory;
• From the lands of lands of Southeast Asia and India – saldalwood
and spices.
• With the empire,Egypt contributed – grain
• Iraq – provided linens,dates and precious stones;
• Western India supplied textiles.
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Social Structure:
In Islam, all people are considered equal under
Allah. But there was a fairly well-defined
structure for the upper class in the Arab Empire
such as:
 Ruling family
 Senior officials
 Nomadic elites
 The wealthiest merchants.
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THE BRILLIANCE OF ISLAMIC CULTURE
• In math, the Muslim refined the numerical system of India,
which included the concept of zero. This system would
later become known in Europe as the “Arabic” system.
• Muslim built an observatory in Baghdad to study the stars,
and they named many of them.
• They aware that Earth was round and they perfected the
ASTROLABE, an instrument for sailors to determine their
location by observing the positions of the stars and planets.
• The philosopher and scientist Ibn Sina wrote a medical
encyclopedia that would later become a basic medical
textbook for university students in medieval Europe.
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ISLAMIC ART
• Islamic art is a blend of Arab, Turkish and Persian.
HOMEWORK: Read chapter 3 section 2 Early African
Civilizations. Pp 97-101
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