Transcript Post-Classical PowerPoint

POST-CLASSICAL AGE
 6th century CE to 1450 CE
 Began with rise of Islam
 First trans-regional civilization
 Spans Eurasia and Africa
 Era of two great powers: Islam, China
 Ended due to Turks, Mongols, Black Death
 Characteristics
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Spread of universalizing religions, philosophies
Saw rise of new civilization centers
Emergence of network of global contacts
Ages of Faith, Aristocracy, Increasing Inequalities
THEMES
 State Structure
 Most systems were aristocratic in nature
 Most systems were decentralized
 Influence of system was often more important
 Agents of Change
 Often trade or economic
 Pastoral nomads and migration less important
 Universalizing Faiths
 World System or Global Contacts
 No world system yet (Americas, Oceania not included)
 Afro-Eurasia was a system though
 Women in the Era
 Less Centralized states: women have more influence
 Less Aristocratic states: women have more influence
 Increasing institutionalization means fewer rights
INTERREGIONAL NETWORKS
 An A ge of Faiths: Religions and Missionaries
 Christianity
 Roman Catholicism
 Orthodoxy: Cyril and Methodius
 Buddhism
 Merchants spread it to East Asia, Southeast Asia
 Pilgrimages to South Asia
 Islam
 Pilgrimage
 Dar al Islam as created by the vast conquests
 Sufi missionaries and merchants
 Jews
 Southeast Asia: Spread of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam
 Trading Patterns
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Muslim system including Sub-Saharan Africa
Indian Ocean Systems: East Africa to Southeast Asia
East Asia
Central Asia: The Silk Road and Nomads
Western European – Mediterranean and North Sea
POST CLASSICAL
TIMELINE: THE WEST
 527-565: Justinian rules
Byzantine Empire
 800-814: Charlemagne’s Empire
in Western Europe
 855: Russian kingdom around
Kiev
 864: Cyril and Methodius
missionaries in eastern Europe
 968: Tula established by Toltecs
 980-1015: Christian Conver sion
of Vladimir I
 1000: Ghana Empire at its height
 1054: Great Schism
 1066: Norman Conquest of
England; rise of feudal monarchy
 1096-1099: Fir st Crusade
 1150: Disintegration of Toltec
Empire
 1150-1350: Spread of Gothic
Style; scholasticism in Europe
 1 200: Rise of Mali Empire
 1 265: Fir st English Parliament
 1304-1374: Italian Renaissance
 1320s: Europe uses cannons in
war
 1320 – 1340: Bubonic Plague
 1338-1453: Hundred Year s’ War
 1350: Rise of the Incas
 1453: Turks capture
Constantinople; end of Byzantine
TIMELINE: EAST
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570-632: Muhammad
589-618: Sui Dynasty
618 – 907: Tang Dynasty
634-750: Arab invasion in
Middle East; spread of
Islam in N Africa
661-750: Umayyad
Caliphate
668: Korea becomes
independent from China
750: Abbasid Caliphate
founded
777: Independent Islamic
Kingdoms in N Africa
878: Last Japanese
embassy to China
960-1127: Song Dynasty
 1055 Seljuk Turks control
Abbasid Caliphate
 1185-1333: Kamakura
Shogunate (Japan)
 1206: Delhi Sultanate in
India
 1231-1392: Mongols rule
Korea
 1236: Mongols Capture
Baghdad – End of Abbasid
Caliphate
 1279 – 1368: Yuan Dynasty
 1405-1433: Chinese
Trading Expeditions
THE ISLAMIC WORLD
 Bedouin Origins
 Muhammad and Early Islam
 The Quran, The Jihad
 The Sharia and Ulama
 The Five Pillars
 The Or thodox Caliphs
 The Caliphate
 The Sunni-Shia Split
 The Umayyads and Abassid
 Dhimmi status and “People of the Book”
 The Sultan and Vizier
 The Roles of the Turks and Mongols
 Other Muslim Worlds
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Muslims
Muslims
Muslims
Muslims
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Spain
Central Asia
Africa
Southeast Asia
 Structural Change: Fragmentation, Sultans, Vizier s, Harem
 Dar al Islam provides cultural, religious unity to region
THE PERIPHERIES
 Sub-Saharan Africa
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Sahel: Ghana, Mali, Songhai
East Africa: Swahilis, Ethiopia
Southern Africa: Kongo, Zimbabwe
Tribute empires, syncretic blending
 South Asia
 Post-Harsha: Regional divisions, caste stability
 Arabs conquer, raid, trade into N. India
 From Muslims to the Sultanate of Delhi
 Turks establish a Mameluk Sultanate
 Southern India: A Hindu Renaissance, commercial
 Vaisaya caste expands with commerce
CHINA
 The 2nd Warring States Period 220 – 589 CE
 Nomadic conquerors intermixing with sedentary Chinese
 Spread of Buddhism
 Sui Dynasty reunited China; the Grand Canal
 Tang Dynasty
 The Golden Age of China
 Bureaucracy and Civil Service through Confucian exams
 Scholar Gentry
 Song Dynasty
 Merchants have upper hand
 Great technological and commercial innovation
 Gunpowder, compass, porcelain, movable type printing
 Why was China so strong
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Twice flowering rice increased harvests
Settlement of marginal lands, use of terraces
Capitalism as opposed to mercantilism
Currency based economy
 Neo-Confucianism blends Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism
ON CHINA’S PERIPHERY
 Sinification vs. Indigenous Development
 Tribute System vs. Annexation
 Japan
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Yamato Clan unifies Japan (Shinto)
Nara: Prince Shotoku copies Chinese style of state (Confucianism)
Buddhism enters through contacts
Heian: Japanese develop their own culture
Court Elite vs Rural Elite vs majority of population
Military elite assumes increasing power not scholar gentry
 Korea
 Korguyo; Silla unifies Korea
 Confucian but not as rigid; Buddhism as balance
 Slavery continues to exist in large numbers
 Vietnam
 Chinese attempts to control area until 1000 CE
 Vietnamese independence: Sinified elite different from commoners
 Women have great influence at court, in local matters
SOUTHEAST ASIA
 Transition between Indian Ocean, China
 Decentralized State Structures, Feudalism, Tribute
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Funan
Khmer Empire
Srivijayan Empire
Malacca
 Interactions
 Commerce and Trade
 Spread of Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam
 Syncretism
 Hierarchical Systems Dif ferent: Gender
THE BYZANTINES AS BUFFERS
 The Byzantines
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Insulated Europe from Arabs, Turks
Civilized, Christianized the Slavs especially Russians
Preserved Greco-Roman Culture
Helped spread Arabic learning to the west
Monasticism was an Eastern development
 The Schism
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A contest of wills between the pope, emperor
When west was young, pope was weak
As west emerged, pope got stronger
The split was over the authority of the pope
What occurred in 1054 was many centuries in coming
DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPE
 B l e n d i n g Tr a d i t io n s
 Christianity, Germanic Custom, Roman Law
 T h e S t r uc t ur e s f r o m 5 t h c e n t ur y to 1 0 0 0 C E
 From Kingdoms to the Franks to the Holy Roman Empire
 The Roman Catholic Church
 Caesaro-papism or Papal Supremacy
 The Investiture Crisis
 Monasticism
 Feudalism
 Aristocracy, reciprocity, and primogeniture
 Local rule, local self -defense, fiefs, vassals
 Manorialism including serfdom, manors, autarky
 V i k i n g s : R a i d , Tr a d e , S et t l e , N ew S t a te s
 A C h a n g i n g E u r o pe : A f te r 1 0 0 0 C E
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Rise of Towns and with it the rise of the bourgeoisie
Commerce and Great Fairs: use of money rather than barter
Scholasticism and Chivalr y
The Black Death leads to labor shortages
Peasant Rebellions
Wars devastate the aristocracy
Rise of centralizing monarchs using law, taxes not custom
 T h e C r u s a de s a s C o n t a c t s f o r C h a n g e
THE 14TH CENTURY IN EUROPE
 Expanded War fare
 100 Years War: Technology vs. Aristocratic Chivalry
 Reconquista in Iberia
 The New Monarchy and Nationalism
 Centralizing royalty vs. decentralized feudalism
 Spain, England, France
 The Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism
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The papacy was undermined by squabbling
Never theological but was always political
People began to question need for the pope
Heresies occurred as did some attempts to reform church
 The Renaissance
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An expression of commercial prosperity
Began in Italy in the 1300s with emphasis on arts
The “We/Sacred” gave way to “I/Secular”
Glorification of the Classical produced new ideas
Humanism and Science
 The Impact of the Mongols
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Destroyed all existing state structure
Destroyed agriculture in some areas
Left a vacuum upon collapse, helped create new systems
Forced states, peoples to adapt, adopt to survive
Increased contacts between distant Eurasian parts
Spread Diseases
Exchanged Technologies
Movement of Peoples
DISCONNECTED: THE AMERICAS
 Paleolithic, Neolithic Peoples Existed During this period
 Americas also had these phases, which lasted longer
 Nomadic hunters, gatherers, fishers
 Settled agricultural communities in many places of Americas
 Subsistence vs. surplus; Irrigation systems
 Differentiated labor systems and hierarchy
 Ceremonial centers and pyramids
 Americas Post -Classical Civilizations
 Centers
 Mesoamerica
 Toltecs
 Mayans
 Aztec
 Andean South America
 Chimu, Mohica
 Incas
 Contacts Between Centers Limited but corn did spread
 Technology had not changed much over millennia
 Roles of Merchants, Roles of Diplomats
URBAN CENTERS
 Cities
 Cosmopolitan cultures
 Centers of exchanges and commerce
 Dar al Islam and China
 Both civilizations were centered on cities, urban cultures
 Had most of the world cities with large populations
 Geographic World
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China: Chang-an (Xian), Hangzhou, Canton
Central Asia: Samarkand
West Africa: Timbuktu
East Africa: Swahili Cities
Dar al Islam: Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba
Western Europe: Venice, the Hansa
Southeast Asia: Srivijaya, Malacca
Southern Asia: Calicut
Eastern Europe: Kiev, Constantinople, Novgorod
Meso-Americas: Teotihuacan, Tikal, Tenochitlan
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES
 Cultural Dif fusion through migration or Indigenous Development
 Migrations
 Agricultural Peoples: Bantus
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Comparable to Germanic migrations (but Bantu were usually not invaders)
Settlement of East, Central, Southern Africa
Dif fusion of iron-making, farming, herding
State building: Kongo, Swahili trading cities
 Nomadic Peoples
 Comparable to Hunnic and Indo -European migrations
 Arab Bedouins
 Turks: Seljuk and Ottoman
 Disrupted Abbasids, Byzantines, Central Asia
 Introduced mameluk armies, Sultans
 Produced the first European crusades
 Mongols and Mughals
 Disrupted most of Eurasia
 Created a power vacuum
 Contacts as Migration
 Pilgrimage: Buddhist, Muslim, Christian
 Commercial contacts along caravan and sea routes
 Scholarly exchanges between Muslim and non -Muslim worlds
DEMOGRAPHY: DISEASES
 Demographic Shift
 A change in demographic patterns
 Abrupt decrease in population due to illness
 6th century Bubonic Plague
 Preceded spread of Arabs
 Strongest impact was in SW Asia, East Africa
 Black Death or 14th Century Bubonic Plague
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Originated in China
Spread by Mongols throughout Eurasia
Spread throughout Mediterranean by contacts
Results
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Labor Shortages: fostered growth of free, paid labor
Attacked old elites in cities producing new urban elites
Broke back of Mongols, small states
Forced states to create new means of taxation, military formations
SOCIAL HIERARCHY
 A r i s to c r a c i e s : C a l l e d G a te Ke e p e r s
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European classes of “those who fight” and “those who pray”
Capulis of the Aztecs and the nobles of the Mayans
Brahmins and Kshatriyas of South Asia
The landed scholar gentry (shi) of China
The daimyos and samurai of Japan
 T h e Pe a s a n t s : T h o s e W h o Wo r k
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Shudras and Pariahs of South Asia
The Peasants of East Asia
The Serfs and peasants of Western Europe, Eastern Europe
The serf like capulis of Aztecs, Mayan caste peasants
The sharecroppers and tenant farmers of the Arab world
The commercial classes are agents of change
 G e n d e r Ro l e s
 The patriarchical system increases with aristocratic societies, warrior societies
 Increasing examples of subordination of women
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Footbinding in China; painte d face s in Japan
Ve ils, pur dah in SW Asia and India; sutte e in India
Wome n as le gal minor s, dise nfr anchise d in We ste r n E ur ope
Wome n as baby factor ie s: Azte cs
 Exceptions to the Rule
 Wome n in the Catholic Chur ch: r e nounce se xuality and acquir e e quality
 Wome n in Bantu Afr ica – far me r s, me r chants, some r ule r s, matr il ine a l de sce nt
 Wome n in Southe ast Asia – me r chants, comme r ce , some r ule r s, matr iar chy
DEVELOPMENTS IN ARTS & SCIENCES
 The Muslims including South Asia
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Preserved Past Learning Especially the Greeks
Created New Learning
Spread other civilizations‘ accomplishments
Science, Math, Geography, History, Philosophy
 The Chinese and Japanese
 Golden Age of Art and Poetry under Tang and Song
 The Heian Age in Japan – first novels, pillow books
 Ming tend to preserve culture or turn the clock backwards
 The Byzantines
 Icons, Hagia Sofia, Cyrillic
 Western Europe
 Romanesque and Gothic Architecture
 Epics and Romances
 Scholasticism
 Mesoamerica
 Higher mathematics
 Astronomy and Calendars
 BUT: Most of Technology remained borderline Neolithic