Transcript 600-1450 ce PP Review

Review 600 - 1450
Roots of Hinduism
• Who’s the founder?
• No original founder
• Grew out of early Aryan
beliefs in multiple Gods.
• Is there a sacred text?
• Beliefs come from the Vedas
and other Indian epics,
poems and songs
 Each believer sees Brahman
differently
Reincarnation
• What’s the ultimate goal
of existence?
• to achieve moksha, or
union with Brahman.
• What is reincarnation?
• the soul (atman) passes
through many lifetimes:
before it finally achieves
moksha
Effects of the Caste: Duty
Ensured social order. How?
 Caste rules governed
every aspect of life:
clothes, foods, friendship,
marriage, job,
neighborhood and
education
 Law of Karma determined
caste
 It gave people a sense of
identity

Siddhartha Gautama
• Born around 566
BCE
• Founder of
Buddhism
• Grew up an Indian
prince surrounded
by wealth and luxury
• Saddened by
amount of suffering
by people.
Buddha: The Enlightened
One
“Four Noble Truths”:
1. All life is full of suffering
2. The cause of suffering is
wrong desires like wealth
and power
3. The only cure for suffering
is to overcome desire
4. The way overcome is by
following the “Noble Eightfold Path.”
Spread of Buddhism
How Buddhism Spread from
India to East Asia
Theravada Vs. Mahayana
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Theravada “way of the elders”
Southeast Asia (parts of southwest China, Cambodia,
Laos, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand) and
parts of Vietnam
Follow the original teachings of Buddhism
Buddha was a great teacher
Mahayana “large vehicle
Practiced in Japan, Korea, China, Mongolia, Tibet and
Nepal
Buddha was a god and pay homage to Buddha like
deities who came in the form of men and believe they
can be saved by the faith in these gods
Allowed for a broader interpretation of the teachings of
Buddhism because Buddha had not provided for all
the answers
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Empires of India
Asoka - The Most Honored
King
Became emperor in 268 B.C.E
 Converted to Buddhism and rejected violence
 Help his people “his children” by making roads
and planting trees
 Promoted Buddhism but preached tolerance of
other religions

The Guptas 320 – 550 C.E.
2
Under the Guptas, India enjoyed a
period of great cultural achievement.
“Golden Age”
Learning…
Scholars taught many subjects
at Hindu and Buddhist schools.
The Silk Road
Connected China to the Mediterranean and
drew together the different regions of
Eurasia
Islam
The Religion
and a Way of Life
The Basic Teachings of Islam
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Islam (surrender to the will of God) is
monotheistic,
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Based on the teachings of the Quran
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based on the belief in one God (Allah)
Contain words of Allah
Are there any similarities to Judaism
and Christianity?
Five Pillars of Islam
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
All Muslims accept five duties
faith “There is no God but
Allah, and Muhammad is his
messenger
daily prayer (5 times facing
Mecca)
charity to the poor
fasting during Ramadan (9th
month of Islamic calendar;
Quran was revealed to
Muhammad
hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca
(once in lifetime)
Muhammad Flees!
•From Mecca to Medina in 622
and becomes the political
leader and leads many to
embrace the faith
•This journey becomes known
as the “hijra” a turning point
for Islam
Islam as a Way of Life
•The Islamic system of law, called Sharia, regulated
moral conduct, family life, business practices,
government, and other aspects of a Muslim
community.
•How do you convert to Islam?
•Gradually learn about Islam
•Must cite “there is no god but Allah, Muhammad
is the messenger”
Movements Within Islam
Shortly after Muhammad’s death, divisions arose within Islam.
SUNNI
Believed caliph, or
successor to
Muhammad, should
be chosen by leaders
of the Muslim
community.
Viewed caliph as a
leader, not as a
religious authority.
SHIITES
Believed that only
descendents of
Muhammad could
become caliph.
Believed descendents
of Muhammad to be
divinely inspired.
SUFI
Sought to
communicate with
God through
meditation, fasting,
and other rituals.
These are the
mystics of the
Muslim world.
Islam Penetrates Europe
Invasions of Europe, 700–1000
More invaders Northmen: Norwegians, Swedes and Dane and Magyars.
How Feudalism Works
Describe life in feudal society in the
period from 300 to 1200.
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manor system
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Weakened central governments
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the majority of the population worked on land owned by the
head of the manor.
depended on a system of allegiances based on promises of
military service.
Women
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Domestic duties
Noblewomen were important as heiresses and candidates
for marriage
Women sometimes owned land and performed
administrative duties, but most often a wife exercised control
only during her husband’s absences.
Byzantine Empire to 1000
How did the development of the Byzantine Empire
differ from the development of western Europe?
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The Byzantine Empire
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The Byzantine emperors
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was the direct descendant of Roman imperial rule and
tradition.
centralized control whereas western European institutions
were decentralized.
exercised caesaropapism, which combined supreme secular
and religious power in one person Foreign threats
Byzantium was directly threatened by foreign invaders,
especially the Iranian Sasanid Empire (4th to 7th century)
and ultimately by Muslim expansion.
The Byzantine Empire shrank steadily until
Constantinople itself was captured.
Byzantine Christianity
Byzantine emperor controlled Church
affairs
 People rejected pope’s claim to
authority over all Christians
 Clergy kept right to marry
 Greek was language of the Church
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Review the Reasons for Decline
Crusades, 1096–1204
What were the causes and consequences of the
Crusades (1096 -1204)?
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Cause
 to unite European Christians in a common cause
 to make the kings and noble vassals under his
spiritual leadership (Pope Urban II)
 Regain the holy land
 Motivated by a desire to open up trade
Pilgrimage
 the Crusades were basically armed pilgrimages to the
Holy Land.
Impact
 ended centuries of western European political and
intellectual isolation.
Geography
of the
Americas
The Olmecs, 1400 B.C.E-500
B.C.E
Founded the first
American Civilization
 Laid the political
foundation of the
Mesoamerican societies
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Civilization Location
Capital
City
Good
Stuff
Years
Maya
The Maya were
located mainly
in the Yucatan
Peninsula, and
stretched to
Belize &
Guatemala
Tikal
Hieroglyphics
365 day calendar
counting system
using 0-20
1000 BCE
to about
900 CE
Aztec
The Aztecs
were located
throughout
Mexico
The capital
city,
Tenochtitlan,
now lies below
Mexico city
Built capital city
over lake
Texcoco
Built aqueducts
& causeways
Had zoos,
schools, etc..
1200 CE
To
1500’s
Cuzco, the
Holy city
System of roads,
tunnels, & rope
bridges
Performed brain
surgery
1300 CE to
Early
1500’s
Inca
Pacific Coast
of Peru, in
South
America
Maya 300-900
The Maya
established citystates
 united by a common
culture but not
unified by a common
political or military
system
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What was life like for the Maya?
Mayan people were
farmers
 Priests were the highest
people in the society; it
was a theocracy in
theory
 The Maya worshipped
nature: animals, plants,
water and the planets
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Mayan architecture
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Relied solely on
man power, stone
tools, and levers
for the building
projects
Mayan
Accomplishments
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Had a system of
hieroglyphics
Practiced astrologydeveloped a 365 day
calendar
Developed a counting
system using 0 on a system
based on 20
Grew cotton, made cloth
THE AZTECS
The Great Temple at
Tenochtitlan
Aztec Empire Map
Tenochtitlan
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The city was made up of a central square
surrounded by pyramid-temples, palaces,
gardens, zoos, schools & markets. This city
reveals all that was the best of the Aztecs!
How was Aztec society
structured?
Emperor
Chosen by nobles & priests
Priests
Nobles
Performed rituals, gave advice, and ran
Served as officials, judges, and governors
schools
Merchants
Artisans
Often acted as spies for the empire
Passed skills onto their children
Farmers
Made up most of the population
Slaves were mostly captives or
criminals-many were sacrificed to the
Sun god
Where were the Incas located?
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EMPIRE…
Incan Road System:
The Heart of the Empire
allowed armies and
news to travel rapidly
around the empire.
 posted runners
throughout the empire
to carry news of revolts
and soldiers to quickly
crush them.
 prohibited ordinary
people from using the
roads at all.
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The Incas…built a complex
civilization
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They imposed their own language and
religion on the people.
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No evidence of a written language
that relied on order and absolute authority
The Incas strictly regulated the lives of
millions of people within their empire.
Government officials arranged marriages.
Sui Dynasty
Sui Dynasty (581 -618)
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Reunified China and established a central
government
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Based and Confucianism and Buddhism
Reason for decline
Ambitious construction, Grand canal , irrigation, and
military projects
 Several (4) loosing battles against the powerful
Koyro kingdom in Korea was detrimental to their
decline
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The Grand Canal of China
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The Grand Canal of China is
the world's oldest and longest
canal
The building of the canal
began in 486 B.C.E during the
Zhou Dynasty and later by
Emperor Yangdi of Sui
Dynasty
The canal is 1,795 Km (1,114
miles (linked yellow river and
Yangtze river)
Had an enormous political and
economic effect on China’s
development
Tang Dynasty 618 – 907
• Centralized government
• But allowed local nobles to
exercise significant power
• Expanded their influence into
Central and Southeast Asia,
• demanded tribute from
such places as Korea and
Vietnam.
• Chan' an (capital city was
cosmopolitan)
• Integrated cultures from
all parts of Asia
Appeal of Buddhism
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Politics
Mahayana Buddhism was used to legitimize their
control
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supplied a spiritual function for kings and emperors
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bodhisattvas
Protecting spirits would aid the ruler in governing of the state
Cultural diffusion
Buddhism also facilitated the exchange of language,
culture, and technology throughout eastern and
central Asia
Wu Zhao
First Chinese Emperor 690 - 705
• Buddhism was used to
used to legitimize
women’s participation in
politics
• Buddhist used as a
scapegoat later in the
Tang dynasty why?
• Tax exemption,
undermining family
values, attracted
hundreds to become nuns
and monks
Chinese Noblewoman,
8th century-Tang Dynasty
Tang Women
characterized by open-mindedness and liberal
ideas.
 More likely to exercise greater influence in
managements of property, arts, and in politics
than women in later Chinese societies
 Had the right to own
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Property
 Remarriage
 Divorce
 Allowed noble women to participate in polo matches
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Return to Confucianism
• In the late 9th century
Confucianism was
reasserted
• Reintroduced the use of
Confucian scholars in
running the government
Medical Achievement!
• Tang physicians
developed a small pox
vaccine in the 10th
century.
• Not widespread until
16th century
Chinese Society
Under the Tang and Song dynasties,
China was a well-ordered society.
GENTRY
• Most scholar-officials
were gentry, from the
wealthy landowning
class.
• government and
society should be
governed by Confucius
ideals
PEASANTS and MERCHANTS:
•Most Chinese were peasants
who worked the land.
•Peasants could move up in
society through education and
government service.
MERCHANTS
•According to Confucian
tradition, merchants were an
even lower class than peasants
because their riches came
from the labor of others.
The Arts
• Tang / Song artisans
were known for their
fine porcelain (sole
supplier in world
trade), and
calligraphy
Song Dynasty 960-1279
• Song leaders
supported a revival of
Confucian thought.
WHY?
• The ideal Confucian
official was a wise,
virtuous scholar.
• Implemented Civil
Service exams to
recruit the most
talented men
Inventions
• Under the Song, the Chinese
adapted the use of movable
type printing machines from
Korea.
• allowed for faster printing,
and the widespread diffusion
of ideas.
• Other inventions include the
spinning wheel, gun powder,
high quality steel
• Why did technological
explosion take place?
• Economic and military
pressure from their
neighbors
Antique Chinese
Silk Spinning
Wheel
Footbinding In Asia
The Practice of Footbinding
Footbinding began in China during the Song dynasty
(10th century) and continued until the end of the
Qing dynasty. The practice was formally prohibited
in China in 1911 but continued in isolated regions
well into the 1930s.
Korea and Japan
During the Middle Ages
500-1600
Korean Peninsula
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Korea’s location
on China’s
doorstep has
played a key role
in its history and
development
Chinese Influence
Buddhism
(mahayana)
Confucianism
but Korea was able to preserve its maintain a
separate and distinct culture.
How did Korea influence Japan?
Korean warriors united small country of Japan
under a central government
Disseminated the ideas of Buddhism,
Confucianism, architecture
Era of Three Kingdoms
 Between
300 and 600
C.E., three powerful
kingdoms emerged:
Shilla, Koguryo, and
Paekche.
 Shilla becomes the
dominate kingdom and
eventually establishes the
first dynasty; help from
China (Tang)…
HOW??
Hwarang - Korea's Warrior Knights
Geography of Japan
Japan is located on
an archipelago,.
2. Four-fifths of
Japan is
mountainous
3. Most people settled
in narrow river
valleys and along
coastal plains.
4. The surrounding
seas have both
protected and
isolated Japan
1.
Shinto: Japan’s
Native Religion
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Shinto means: “The
way of the gods.”
No complex rituals or
philosophy.
Importance of family,
love of nature “kami”,
physical cleanliness,
The worship and honor
given to the Kami and
ancestral spirits.
Shinto Explained
Yamato Clan
500-1000 CE
•
First and only
dynasty but each
emperor has claimed
his roots through this
clan even to today
Emperor Akihito and wif
Chinese Civilization
Influenced Early Japan
 In the early 600s,
Japan began sending
students, monks,
traders, and officials
to China.
 These visitors
returned to Japan
eager to spread
Chinese thought,
technology, and the
arts.
Japanese Social Structure
In
theory, the emperor stood at
the head of Japanese feudal
society.
 Real power lay in the hands of
the shogun, or supreme
military commander.
The shogun distributed land to
vassal lords who agreed to protect
them. These great warrior lords
were called daimyo. They, in turn,
granted land to lesser warriors
called samurai.
First Shogun Ruler
Minamoto Yoritomo
•He set up the
Kamakura Shongunate
•First of three military
dynasties that would
rule Japan for 700
years
Minamoto Yoritomo
The Warriors World
•Belonging to a Japanese
samurai class was a
hereditary membership
•About five in every 100
belonged to this class
•Privileges: Carry two
swords and wear a special
headdress
•Highly trained and
received special privileges
in Japanese society
19th century Samurai
Japanese Warrior Armor
“The way of the warrior”
•A code of unquestioning obedience
•Honor more important than wealth
or life
•Absolute loyalty to one’s lord
•A true samurai would have no fear
of death because –“If you think of
saving your life, you had better not
go to war at all”
Practiced “seppuku” a ritual
suicide
Zen Buddhism
•Widely popular among the Samurai class
and it spreads because of their support
•It emphasizes physical and mental health
•Transition easy for the Shinto believers
•Believed in the unity of nature
•Buddhist monasteries were centers of
learning and the arts
-landscape gardening
-flower arranging
Introduced into
Japan by Eisai
•Meditation and prayer are important to
spiritual growth
Zen Buddhism
Mongol Empire
(1206–1405) was the largest land empire
in world history
 Stretched from Korea to Hungary and
Baghdad
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Mongol Empire
Mongol Battle Tactics
Constant practice in riding, archery.
 Traveled very light.
 Extraordinary endurance.
 Extraordinary military discipline.
 Extremely ruthless in battle.
 combined technological advances in their
bows with outstanding horseback ability
and flexibility of military tactics.
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Mongol Battle Tactics
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Remarkable ability to coordinate armies
separated by great distances.
Incorporated non-Mongol soldiers with
Mongol leaders
Mobility unheard of by armies of the time-up to 100 miles/day.
Mongol combination of mobility and
communication probably not equaled
again until W.W. II.
Mongol Rule
•Once a conquest was complete, the Mongols were
not oppressive rulers.
•Cities generally left under native governors.
•Conquered peoples to live much as they had — as
long as they paid tribute to the Mongols.
Maximizing
revenues was the central goal of
Mongol leaders
Utilized tax farming
Mongol Empire
Pax Mongolica, or Mongol Peace
Peaceful periods allowed for the
movement of people, knowledge, and
skills across Eurasia
 Technology such as gunpowder,
diplomatic passports and movable type
spread to Europe
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Positive qualities of Mongols
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Discipline, obedience to own laws
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Sense of honor and loyalty, respect for
these qualities in others, even opponents
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High status of women
Mongols effects in Russia
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Mongols
Ruled Russia from afar
Main goal was to extract as much tax revenue as
possible
Moscow
1300s emerged as the new center of Russia and heart
of Russia
Orthodox Church
Granted special privileges which helped to reconcile
the Russian people
Ivan III
Prince of Moscow ended Mongol rule in 1480 and
adopted the title of Tsar
Marco Polo September 15,
1254 – January 8, 1324
Polo’s famous account of his
seventeen years of service
to Kublai Khan provided
Europe
with
the
first
substantial record of China.
Yuan Empire (1279-1368)
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Khubilai Khan
Declared Great Khan in 1265
 founded the Yuan empire in 1271
 Moved capital to Beijing
 Incorporated Chinese traditions
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 Confucian
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laws and public policies
Government
Western Asian Muslims as official
 Hierarchical system
 Legally defined status groups
 Confucians had a weak role
 merchants and doctors elevated
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Yuan Dynasty
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Economy / Trade
Tax farming
 Used paper money and copper coins
 Revitalized trade
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Cultural Diffusion
Encouraged sharing and exchange of ideas
 Medical information, Science, Mathematics,
warfare, etc.
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Here come the Mongols
•Only Severe threat to Japan
Prior to World War II
•Japan was the only country in
the East that remained free
•Attracted by gold, pearls and
power the Kublai Khan sent a
letter demanding submission
and tribute in 1268
•Two Attempts were made in
1274 and 1281
Mongol Armour, 1271.
Mongols in Japan
Invasions in 1279 and 1281
 Mongols unable to advance beyond
beachheads
 Japanese unable to drive invaders out
 Both times, a typhoon wrecked the
invasion fleet
 Led to Japanese notion of the “Divine
Wind” - Kamikaze
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Ming Dynasty - 1368 – 1644
What did the Ming do to separate themselves
from the Mongols?
 Closed borders to foreigners
 severed relations with Middle East and Central
Asia
 moved capital to Nanjing; later moved backed
to Beijing
 The Ming were nationalistic and turned toward
Confucianism.

2
How Did the Ming Restore
the Chinese Government…
1. Restored the civil service system and
made the exams more rigorous than ever
2. Revived Confucian learning
3. Repaired the canal system that linked
regions and made trade easier
4. Made Chinese cities home to many
industries, including porcelain, paper, and
tools
5. Supported a revival of arts and literature
Was Zheng He sent by the Yongle emperor to explore and
colonize?
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Mission
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To reestablish trade links with
the Middle East
Bring Southeast Asian
countries and their overseas
Chinese population under its
influence
Accomplishments
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Acquired Ming tributary states
50 new tributaries
Overall not very profitable
Shape of the World Video Clip…
Why did Ming emperors turn their back
on overseas exploration?
1. Confucian scholars had little interest in
overseas ventures. To them, Chinese
civilization was superior to all others.
2. The Chinese wanted to preserve ancient
traditions, which they saw as the source of
stability.
3. Fleets of seagoing ships were costly and did
not produce any profits.
Koryo Dynasty
918-1392 AD

It was the Koryo
dynasty that ascended
after Shilla and again
brought unity to the
Korean nation.
TaeKwondo
The Culture that
is Korea!
Traditional Korean
Clothing
Korean Fan Dance
Classical Zither
Music of Korea
Choson (or Yi) Dynasty
1392-1910 CE
In 1392, the Koreans overthrew their Mongol conquerors
and set up the Choson dynasty. Choson rulers made
important contributions to Korean culture.
They reduced Buddhist influence and set up a
government based upon Confucian principles.
Over time, Confucianism greatly influenced
Korean life.
 They developed hangul to replace the complex
Chinese writing system. The use of hangul led
to an extremely high literacy rate

Hundred Years’ War, 1337–1453
Joan of Arc: Turning point
From 1429 to 1431,
Joan’s successes
in battle rallied the
French forces to
victory.
 French armies
continued to win
even after she was
executed by the
English for heresy.

Emergence of Monarchs
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Affects of the Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
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Monarchs had a stronger central government, more
stable national boundaries, and stronger representative
institutions
New military technology
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The longbow, crossbow (metal tipped arrows) and
firearm made soldiers more important and knights
less valuable.
made castles and knights obsolete
Development of professional standing army
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Taxed land, merchants, and church
Parliamentary Institution
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Became a permanent check on royal power
Parliament in England
Estates General in France
Black Death
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By 1347, the bubonic
plague had spread to
Europe
The bubonic plague, or
"Black Death” strikes
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3 forms:
Bubonic (flea bite),
Pneumonic (air),
Septemic (bodily fluid)
Despite its numerous problems, the period from 1200 to
1500 in Europe was a time of unusual progress.
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Major problems
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the Black Death
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Improvements
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wars led to technological innovation and eventual unity, with
strong centralized governments
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Crossbow with metal tipped arrows and gunpowder
Renaissance was a period of cultural rebirth
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Killed 1/3 of Western Europeans 25 million
Led to peasant revolutions, end to serfdom, demand for higher wages
Leonardo Da’Vinci (Mona Lisa, Last Supper)
Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel, David)
By 1500 Europeans were extending their reach
around the world.
What was the Renaissance?
Renaissance, French word for "rebirth"
 What was reborn??
 a desire to imitate the classical world
Greece & Rome
 a time of creativity and change-spirit of
adventure
 a time of intellectual and economic
changes that occurred in Europe
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Machiavelli
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Niccolò Machiavelli, was
an Italian statesman and
writer
His best-known work, The
Prince, describes cunning
and unscrupulous
methods for rulers to gain
and keep power.
Prince must rule with fear
but avoid being hated
Works of Renaissance Artists
Rise of cities

Trading cities in Europe
Offered social freedoms
 Often independent states
 Often charter (immunity) cities where residents
could claim freedom

Merchant Banking
 Organized private shareholding
companies, developed checking accounts,
improved bookkeeping techniques
 Led to a growing middle or merchant class

The Printing Revolution

Printing originated
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China, but western Europeans
improved it significantly
Johann Gutenberg
Perfected the art of printing in 1454
New ink suitable for printing on paper,
movable type consisting of individual
letters, mechanical printing press
(pressed ink type onto sheets of
paper)
Led to spread of literacy and
European intellectual development.
The Reconquista
• By 1492, the Muslims
were driven out of the
last Iberian stronghold
(Granada)
• First Spain and later
Portugal expelled all
Jews and Muslims from
its territory