Transcript Time Period III

Time Period III
600 CE – 1450 CE
Main Ideas
• 3.1 = Exchange and communication networks
expand and intensify
• 3.2 = State formation and interactions
experiences changes and continuities
• 3.3 = Economic productive capacity increases
and causes a lot of changes
Main Topics Covered
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Islam comes into being
Islamic armies conquer & create empires
The Byzantine Empire = Rome continued in the East
Europe experiences disruption and new cultural forms
(Vikings, feudalism, & the rise of Roman Catholic Christianity);
Russia’s culture looks to Byzantium
Tang and Song Dynasty China drive economic innovation
(flying money, paper money, banking, & mass production)
In the Americas, huge new empires develop (Maya & later
Aztec & Inca)
In West Africa, huge new empires develop & are in contact
with the Islamic world (Ghana, Mali, Songhai)
The Mongols cause huge amounts of exchange & stability and
also chaos and disruption of older patterns of empire
Islam
• Arabia before Islam – tribal and warlike
• Muhammad’s job – merchant, b/c Arabia
traded out bunches of incense
• Mecca – trade center b/c of truce around
Ka’ba, where polytheistic deities were
worshipped
• Mix of cultures, including Judaism and
Christianity (mothotheism)
Islam, cont.
• Muhammad’s cave visions – recited the Koran
• Gained followers. Messed with Ka’ba trade
• Meccan leaders were haters. Early Muslims
flee to Median (hijra, 622 CE)
• Muslims vs. other Arabs – war. Muslims win
and take Mecca
• Unity found through the 5 Pillars and worship
of 1 God.
Caliphate System & the Sunni and
Shi’ite split
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Muhammad’s death = succession crisis
2 main factions: Sunni and Shi’ite
Sunni – leader (caliph) = chosen by the Umma
Shi’ite – leader (caliph) = Muhammad’s
relatives
• Caliph = caesaropapist ruler
• Sunnis = dominant majority today
Umayyad & Abbasid Caliphate
• Umayyad = ARAB conquest empire built off
booty
• Conquered Arabia, Sassanian (Persian) & much
of the Byzantine Empires (Mideast & Anatolia)
b/c they were internally weak, North Africa,
Spain
• Abbasid = MUSLIM golden age of unity; House of
Wisdom; retention & building on Greek logic &
learning
• Fell apart as Abbasids weakened. Turkic slave
soldiers took control
Byzantine Empire
• Eastern Roman Empire
• Retained unity as Western Europe fell to
nomadic invasions after 400 CE.
• Lasted until 1453.
• Orthodox (led by Patriarch)  converted the
Kievan Rus
• Mosaic art, centralization, Constantinople
capital city
Kievan Rus
• Russian city-states dominated by the Prince of
Kiev
• TRADED furs especially down the rivers
leading to the Caspian & Black Seas (the
Byzantine Empire and Abbasid Caliphate were
trading partners)
• Most people were rural
• Converted to Orthodoxy
• Conquered by the Golden Horde Mongols &
made to pay tribute
Medieval Europe
• Roman Empire totally fell apart in the West after
476.
• Local (feudal) lords with castles became the
protectors (instead of the central gov’t)
• Feudalism = social/political system in which work,
protection, and loyalty are exchanged. Serfs work
the land, Lords provide the land and protection in
exchange for ag products, knights serve as warriors
who are given fiefs of land with serfs on it to life on
by lords
Medieval Europe
• Manorialism = ECONOMIC system based on
local production
• Roman Catholic Church & pope provided
some unity
• Missionaries (often friars) went out converting
people
• Instability was an important characteristic
(think Vikings – who raided and the settled
down, assimilating into local populations)
Sui
• 589-618 CE
• China after the classical period was also
disunified
• Sui, using Legalism, reunified it
• Grand Canal built, making an inter-linked
economy out of N. and S. China
Tang
• 618-908 CE
• Known for Buddhism; rulers even patronized
Buddhism (the religion leaked in during the end
of the Han,providing stability)
• Huge army & territory – Silk Road Trade!
• Reintroduced the Exam System for bureaucracy
• Women = better status
• 845 = gov’t turned against Buddhism, encouraged
by Confucian bureaucrats to stamp out foreign
“barbaric” practices
Song
• 908 – 1268 CE
• Neo-Confucian (blended in Buddhist & Daoist
beliefs)
• Women’s status  (foot-binding)
• Commercial Revolution (flying money, paper
money)
• Inventive – compass, paper, printing press,
gunpowder
• Conquered by Kublai Khan
Maya
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600s – 900s
City-states; culturally unified
Religious ritual = blood-letting
Inventive agriculture
Intense inter-city-state rivalries & war
Aztec
• 1300-1500 CE
• Conquest State, truly united
• Control through tribute and fear
– Sacrifice and enslavement of conquered
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Tenochtitlan= capital
Complex social hierarchy (warriors & priests)
Important families rule outer territories
Innovative agriculture like chinampas
Inca
• 1400s-1500s CE
• Military expansion
• Highly centralized government
– Control of wealth, labor, trade (mit’a)
– Redistributive economy
• Capital at Cuzco
– Royal families rule outlying areas
• Quipus, terrace farming, irrigation
Mongols
• Pre-Empire
– Nomadic, disunified, raiders and looters,
family/tribe oriented (lots of fighting)
• Genghis Khan (1206-1227)
– Unifies various groups
– Massive Empire (China to Syria, Russia to Syria)
• Death of Genghis
– Four Empires emerge
Four Mongol Empires
• Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty)
– Centralized, never fully assimilate, utilize bureaucratic
system and cultural leaders
• Khanate of Chaghadai (Central Asia/Trade Routes)
– Protection and facilitation of trade
• Golden Horde (Russia, Northern Eurasia)
– Small furry animals and tribute
• Khanate of Persia (E. Abassid Caliphate
– Full assimilation and conversion to Islam
Pax Mongolica
• Facilitated trade through massive empire
– Protection and taxation
• Increases cultural interaction and diffusion
• Exchange of ideas, technology, religion,
disease
• Bad= destruction and disease
• People unified through dislike of Mongols
Great Zimbabwe
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Southeastern Africa 1000s-1450
Started by the Shona (Bantu-speakers)
Iron working and agriculture
Inland state (S.E. Africa) traded with the
Swahili Coast into the IOMS
• Export of gold in exchange for:
– Fabrics, ceramics, spices and fruits (IOMS)
• Strong political state
Ghana
• 400s-1000s
• West Africa (Niger River)
• Major trade routes
– River and Trans-Saharan (did not control trade,
just taxed it)
– Gold, salt, ivory
• Taxes and armies
– Iron weapons and agricultural tools
• Began conversion to Islam
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Mali
800-1450 CE
Conquers Ghana (Sundjata)
Centralized Government and Bureaucracy
Niger River=Trade and Taxes
Mansa Musa and Timbuktu
– Conversion to Islam
Export of Gold and Salt – controlled the mines
Tribute to supply food
Slaves and agriculture
Conquered by Songhai
Songhai
• 1000s-1585
• Islam to unify and jihads to conquer  became
stronger and stronger until it took over Mali &
beyond
• Strong government
– 5 provinces, Islamic Courts, Huge Army
• Political hierarchy (Hindu caste similarity)
• Drought, disease, and decline of trade spells
doom
• Islamic Universities, Arabic & Shari’a law united
& helped centralize
Marco Polo/Ibn Battuta
• World travelers
• Documented their journeys and experiences
– Marco Polo= Silk Roads
– Ibn Battuta= Dar al-Islam
• Ibn Battuta discusses similarities and
differences across Dar al-Islam
• Marco Polo discusses advanced Asian
continent for backwards Europeans