Transcript Time Period III Review-Sunda

WHAP Review #2
Time Period III
600 CE – 1450 CE
Main Ideas
 3.1
= Exchange and communication
networks expand and intensify
 3.2 = State formation and interactions
experiences changes and continuities
 3.3 = Economic productive capacity
increases and causes a lot of changes
Main Topics We Covered
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Islam comes into being
Islamic armies conquer & create empires
The Byzantine Empire = Rome continued in the East
Europe experiences disruption and new cultural forms
(Vikings, feudalism, & the rise of Roman Catholic
Christianity); Russia’s culture looks to Byzantium
Tang and Song Dynasty China drive economic
innovation (flying money, paper money, banking, &
mass production)
In the Americas, huge new empires develop (Maya &
later Aztec & Inca)
In West Africa, huge new empires develop & are in
contact with the Islamic world (Ghana, Mali, Songhai)
The Mongols cause huge amounts of exchange &
stability and also chaos and disruption of older
patterns of empire
Follower of
Islam = Muslim
 Arabia
Islam
before Islam – tribal and
warlike
 Muhammad’s job – merchant, b/c
Arabia traded out bunches of incense
 Mecca – trade center b/c of truce
around Ka’ba, where polytheistic
deities were worshipped
 Mix of cultures, including Judaism
and Christianity (mothotheism)
Islam, cont.
 Muhammad’s
cave visions – recited
the Quran; Koran; Qur’an.
 Gained followers. Messed with Ka’ba
trade
 Meccan leaders were haters. Early
Muslims flee to Medina (Hijra, 622
CE)
 Muslims vs. other Arabs = war.
Muslims win and take Mecca
 Unity found through the 5 Pillars and
worship of 1 God.
 1.
The 5
Shahada- Declaration of faith
 2. Salat- Pray 5 times a day, facing
holy city Mecca.
 3. Zakat- Almsgiving
 4. Sawm- Fasting during month of
Ramadan
 5. Hajj- Pilgrimage to Mecca at least
once
Caliphate System & the Sunni
and Shi’ite split
 Muhammad’s
death = succession
crisis
 2 main factions: Sunni and Shi’ite
 Sunni – leader (caliph) = chosen by
the Umma
 Shi’ite – leader (caliph) =
Muhammad’s relatives
 Caliph = caesaropapist ruler
 Sunni = dominant majority today
Umayyad & Abbasid Caliphate
 Umayyad
(661-757) = ARAB conquest
empire built off booty
 Conquered Arabia, Persian & much of
the Byzantine Empires (Mideast &
Anatolia) b/c they were internally
weak, North Africa, Spain
 Abbasid (757-1258) = MUSLIM golden
age of unity; House of Wisdom;
retention & building on Greek logic &
learning
 Fell apart as Abbasids weakened
– Fired Turkic slave soldiers- took control
Byzantine Empire
 Eastern
Roman Empire
 Retained unity as Western Europe
fell to nomadic invasions in 476 CE.
 Lasted until 1453.
 Ruled by caesaropapist
 Orthodox (led by Patriarch) 
converted the Kievan Rus
 Mosaic art, centralization,
Constantinople capital city
Kievan Rus
 Russian
city-states dominated by the
Prince of Kiev
 TRADED furs especially down the
rivers leading to the Caspian & Black
Seas (the Byzantine Empire and
Abbasid Caliphate were trading
partners)
 Most people were rural
 Converted to Orthodoxy
 Conquered by the Golden Horde
Mongols & made to pay tribute
 Roman
Medieval Europe
Empire totally fell apart in the
West after 476.
 Local (feudal) lords with castles became
the protectors (instead of the central
gov’t)
 Feudalism = social/political system in
which work, protection, and loyalty are
exchanged.
– Serfs work the land, Lords provide the land
and protection in exchange for ag. products,
– Knights serve as warriors who are given fiefs
of land (with serfs) by lords
Medieval Europe
 Manorialism
= ECONOMIC system
based on local production
 Roman Catholic Church & pope
provided some unity
 Missionaries (often friars) went out
converting people
 Instability was an important
characteristic (think Vikings – who
raided and then settled down,
assimilating into local populations)
Sui 589-618 CE
 China
after the classical period was
disunified
 Sui, using Legalism, reunified it
 Grand Canal built, making an interlinked economy out of N. and S.
China
 Champa Rice!
Tang 618-908 CE
Known for Buddhism; rulers even patronized
Buddhism (the religion leaked in during the
end of the Han = providing stability)
 Huge army & territory – Silk Road Trade!
 Reintroduced the Exam System for
bureaucracy
 Women = better status
 845 = gov’t turned against Buddhism,
encouraged by Confucian bureaucrats to
stamp out foreign “barbaric” practices

If he (Buddha) were still alive today and came to our court by order of his ruler, Your
Majesty might condescend to receive him, but . . . he would then be escorted to the
borders of the state, dismissed, and not allowed to delude the people. How then, when
he has long been dead, could his rotten bones, the foul and unlucky remains of his body,
be rightly admitted to the palace?
Song 908 – 1268 CE
 Neo-Confucian
(blended in Buddhist
& Daoist beliefs)
 Women’s status  (foot-binding)
 Commercial Revolution (flying
money, paper money)
 Inventions – compass, paper,
printing press, gunpowder
 Conquered by Kublai Khan
Maya 600s – 900s
 City-states;
culturally unified
 Religious ritual = blood-letting
 Inventive agriculture due to poor soil
– chinampas, terraces, irrigation
 Intense
inter-city-state
rivalries & war
Aztec 1300-1500 CE
 Conquest
State, politically/culturally
united
 Control through tribute and fear
– Sacrifice and enslavement of conquered
 Tenochtitlan=
capital
 Complex social hierarchy (warriors &
priests)
 Important families rule
outer territories
 Agriculture = chinampas
Inca 1400s-1500s CE
 Military
expansion
 Highly centralized government
– Control of wealth, labor (mit’a), trade
– Redistributive economy
 Capital
at Cuzco
– Royal families rule outlying areas
 Quipus,
irrigation
terrace farming,
WAIT FOR
IT!!!!!
The Mongols
 Pre-Empire
To crush your enemies,
to see them fall at your
feet-to take their horses
and hear the
lamentation of their
women.
That is the best.
– Nomadic, disunified, raiders and looters,
family/tribe oriented (lots of fighting)
 Genghis
Khan (1206-1227)
– Unifies various groups
– Massive Empire (China to Syria,
Russia to Syria)
 Death
of Genghis
– Four Empires emerge
Four Mongol Empires
Great Khan = Kublai Khan (Yuan Dynasty)
– Centralized, never fully assimilate,
utilize bureaucratic system and cultural
leaders
 Khanate of Chaghadai (Central Asia/Trade
Routes)
– Protection and facilitation of trade
 Golden Horde (Russia, Northern Eurasia)
– Tribute state
 Khanate of Persia (E. Abassid Caliphate)
– Full assimilation and conversion to Islam

 The
Pax Mongolica
Bad: The Mongols caused
destruction & killed a lot of people
causing fear & dislike, but…
 Facilitated trade through massive
empire
– Protection and taxation
 Increases cultural interaction and
diffusion
 Exchange of ideas, technology, religion,
disease
 More “civilized” than the “civilized”?
Ghana
 400s-1000s
 West
Africa (Niger River)
 Major trade routes
– River and Trans-Saharan (did not
control trade, just taxed it)
– Gold, salt, ivory
 Taxes
and armies
– Iron weapons and agricultural tools
 Began
conversion to Islam
Mali
800-1450 CE
 Conquers Ghana (Sundjata)
 Centralized Government and Bureaucracy
 Niger River=Trade and Taxes
 Mansa Musa, Hajj & Timbuktu
 Export of Gold and Salt – controlled the
mines
 Tribute to supply food
 Slaves and agriculture
 Conquered by Songhai

Songhai
1000s-1585
 Islam to unify and jihads to conquer 
became stronger and stronger until it took
over Mali & beyond
 Strong government

– 5 provinces, Islamic Courts, Huge Army
Political hierarchy (Hindu caste similarity)
 Islamic Universities, Arabic & Shari’a law
united & helped centralize
 Drought, disease, and decline of trade
spells doom

Great Zimbabwe
 Southeastern
Africa 1000s-1450
 Started by the Shona (Bantuspeakers)
 Iron working and agriculture
 Inland state (S.E. Africa) traded with
the Swahili Coast into the IOMS
 Export of gold in exchange for:
– Fabrics, ceramics, spices and fruits
(IOMS)

Strong political state
Marco Polo/Ibn Battuta
 World
travelers
 Documented their journeys and
experiences
– Marco Polo= Silk Roads
– Ibn Battuta= Dar al-Islam
 Ibn
Battuta discusses similarities and
differences across Dar al-Islam
 Marco Polo discusses advanced Asian
continent for backwards, Europeans
Japan
Nara period = beginning of unified gov’t
through contact w/ China & the spread of
literacy through Buddhism
 Syncretism w/ native Shinto (animist)
religion
 Heian period followed Nara period…cultural
awesomeness (1st novel ever written;
capital at Kyoto, haiku, origami, tea
ceremony, etc.)
 Central gov’t lost power…feudal period
begins: Daimyo (lords) leading samurai
(warriors); castles & other similarities to
Western Europe at the time
