Transcript Ch. 11 slides - Islam

Rise and Spread of
ISLAM
Arabian Peninsula
nomadic pastoralists
bedouins
caravan trade
Mecca - Ka’ba
Byzantine and Sassanid
(Persian) Empires
Yathrib
Muhammad
• Kadija - wife
• Meditates - Gabriel - revelation
• Prophet
• Islam - Muslims
• important vocab.
Muhammad’s
Teachings and what
comes after
• Five Pillars
• the Quran
• the Hadith
• the Shariah
After Muhammad’s
• Abu Bakr Death
• fighting between nomads turns to
fighting for conquest after united
• Schism: Shiite v. Sunni
• jihad = two definitions
• Important themes: unity and trade
• equality of believers under the eyes of
Allah = universal appeal like...
Christianity
Important vocab.
• caliph = caliphate
• sultan = sultanate
• Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates,
Ottoman Sultanate and then a
Caliphate
Umayyad Dynasty
661 - 750
• dar-al-Islam “the Islamic Empire”
• Arab minority ruling a non-Arab majority
• jizya = a tax on non-Muslims
• shows conversion not a goal in
expansion
• Damascus = capital city
Umayyad Caliphate
al-Andalus
Fatimid Dynasty
Damascus
Abbasid Caliphate
750 - 1258
• cosmopolitan, urban empire
• People of the Book = religious toleration
• open policy for conversion = migration to
urban centers
• converts = mawalis
• harun al-Rashid r776-809
• Thousand and One Nights
Abbasid Caliphate
• caliph - palaces and harems reinforced
claim of absolute power
• bureaucracy - taxation, coinage
• standing army
• regional governors
• maintained excellent road system
• collect taxes and tribute
Abbasid Caliphate
• vizier or wazir = chief administrator or
chief minister
• royal executioner - always stood next to
caliph - reinforced caliph’s absolute
power
• both usually Persian
Religion in Muslim
Society
• Five Pillars
• Quran = Arabic = literacy
• the Hadith
• Shariah = civil and criminal laws
• madrassas - religious schools universities
• sufis = mystic, missionaries
Golden Age of Islam
• architecture = mosques - domes,
minarets
• Muslim and Jewish scholars preserved
ancient texts of Greeks: Aristotle,
Hippocrates, Ptolemy, Euclid
• transmit Indian number system to west
• scholars and merchants carried ideas
Mosque
Because human and animal
images were forbidden,
geometric designs, passages
from the Quran in swirling Arabic,
and the flower and plant motifs
were favored.
Economy of Abbasid
Era
• wealth and merchants and urbanization
• Arab dhows = sailing vessels with lateen
(triangular) sails
• trade specialized in luxury items for elites
• profits reinvested in new commercial
businesses, purchase of land or
• building hospitals, mosques, religious
schools - almsgiving one of 5 Pillars
Why trade?
• Muhammad states honest merchants
would stand alongside martyrs to the faith
on judgement day
• geographic position - center of trade routes
• good roads, Persian, Roman, their own
• camel saddle
• astrolabe from Hellenistic - calculated
latitude
More on trade:
• Arab and Persian traders
• banking developed with a system of
loans and sakks (checks)
• silk and ceramics from China
• gold, salt and slaves Africa
• amber, furs from Scandinavia and
Russia
• textile, cotton from India
Slavery
• performed unskilled labor
• domestic slaves
• freedom could be earned
• hard labor for those in rural estates or
government projects = Zanj slaves or
non-Muslim slaves captured in east
Africa
Decline of the
Abbasid
• Internal problems:
• increase in slavery, peasant revolts
• civil war over succession
• growth of power of viziers
• caliphs isolated in palaces due to
assassination plots
• mamluks hired as bodyguards
Caliphs no longer
rule
• puppet government or mere
figureheads
• Mamluks revolt
• Buyid family = Shiite
• Seljuk Turks = Sunni
• 1258 = Mongols sack Baghdad
• future Muslim empires will be sultanates
Comparing the spread of Islam
in...
India
Sub-Saharan Africa
Comparing the effects of the
spread of Islam in ...
Anatolia
Spain
The Reconquista of
Spain