Transcript The Rise of Islam, 600-1200

The Rise of Islam, 600-1200
Chapter 11
The Origins of Islam
• Arabs of 600 C.E. lived in the Arabian
peninsula. (_______,_________,________)
The Arabian Peninsula Before
Muhammad
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Farmers and sailors
Fishing and trading
“Empty Quarter”
Middlemen
– Caravan trading
– Camels and donkeys
– Christians
• Mecca. What was the significance of this city?
– Ka’ba
Muhammad in Mecca
• Muhammad was born in Mecca, 570.
– “Night of Power and Excellence”
– What was message he received?
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MuslimIslamFamiliarity because of…
Why was Islam appealing?
The Formation of the Umma
• In 622, Muhammad and his followers fled to
Medina (hijra). Why?
• Meccan migrants formed a umma
• Muhammad dies; no provision of succession.
– Khalifa/caliph
– Abu Bakr
• Quran
• Five Pillars
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• Shi’ites v. Sunnis
The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate,
632-1258
• Sunni never gave absolute authority and
power to: define belief, expel heretics, and
discipline clergy
The Islamic Conquests, 634-711
• Syria, Egypt, Tunisia, Spain, North Africa, India,
Iraq, Anatolia.
• No evidence of coherent missionary efforts to
spread Islam during conquest period.
The Umayyad and Early Abbasid
Caliphates, 661-850
• The Umayyad (Sunni) dynasty ruled from Damascus.
– Muslim Arabs
– Silver dirhams and gold dinars
• Abbasid Caliphate (Shi’ites) ruled after defeating the
Umayyad
– Promotion of Islam
– Arabian Nights– Why was this period called the “golden age”?
Political Fragmentation 850-1050
• Why did the Abbasid fall?
– Mamluks
– What was the problem with mamluks?
• Seated and unseated caliphs
• Capital moved from Baghdad to __________.
• Shi’ite Buyid
• New exchange system with Berbers in Sahara
desert.
– Ghana
• Fatimid Dynasty claimed to be descendants of
Ali (Shi’ite) 969
– Conquered Egypt
– Abundance of gold
• Umayyad Spain 740
– Roman, Germanic, Jewish, Arabs, Berber
– Most sophisticated agricultural economy
• Al-Andalus 929
– Iberian Peninsula
– Literature, law, philosophy
– Ulama-
Assault from Within and Without,
1050-1258
• Seljuk Turks (Afghanistan to Baghdad)
– Problems:
– Crusades had little effect on Islamic lands
– Battle of Ain Jalut- mamluks defeated Mongols
from Central Asia
– Young Turks-
Islamic Civilization
Law and Dogma
• Shari’a
– Merging of-
• Islam began to govern social and religious life.
– Sunna• Hadith• What was the
problem with hadith?
Converts and Cities
• “There is no God but God, and Muhammad is
the Messenger of God”
– Few could read the Quran
– Discrimination led to migration and growth of
urban centers.
– Muslim regions urbanized; Christian cities shrank.
• What did this Muslim urbanization confirm?
• Variations in religious teachings were
common. Why?
• Trade and technology flourished
– Doctors
– Physics
– mathematicians
Islam, Women, and Slaves
• Literate, no public life, could not associate
socially with non family members,
• Greater status than Jewish and Christian
– What are two things women were never allowed
to do?
• Views on Slavery:
– People of the Book
– Prisoners of war
– conversion
The Recentering of Islam
• No hierarchy or formal organization
• Eventually, the centrality of the caliphate
diminished. More focus on education and
pilgrimage.
• Iranians contributed by:
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