Transcript Muhammad (PBUH) - Fulton County Schools

ISLAM
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SASSANID
EMPIRE
Sassanid Empire (224-600 C.E)
History:
• Ardashir, a descendent of an ancestor
named Sasan, defeated the Parthians
around 224 C.E and established the
Sassanid Empire.
• He established Zoroastrianism as the
official religion of this empire.
• Ardashir I further expanded his new
empire to the east and northwest,
conquering the provinces of Sistan,
Gorgan, Khorasan, Margiana (modern
Turkmenistan), Balkh, and Chorasmia.
Sassanid Empire (224-600 C.E)
Culture:
• Zoroastrianism was the main religion of the
Sassanid Empire.
• Zoroastrianism is a monotheistic religion
which is directed under one god: Ahura
Mazda.
• Built fire temples to promote Zoroastrianism
among the Empire.
• Encouraged marriage with people of the
same faith, but wasn’t a requirement of the
religion.
• As expressions and aspects of Creation,
Ahura Mazda emanated seven "sparks", the
Amesha Spentas ("Bounteous Immortals"),
that are each the hypostasis and
representative of one aspect of that Creation.
Sassanid Empire (224-600 C.E)
Life:
• Society was divided into four classes:
priests, warriors, secretaries,
commoners.
• At the center of the caste system was
the Shahanshah who ruled over all the
nobles in the Sassanid Empire.
• Created works of silver, and silk fabrics
which was testify to the sedentary
lifestyle of the warrior elite.
• Sassanid farmers pioneered in planting
cotton, sugar cane, rice, citrus trees,
eggplants and other crops adopted
from India and China.
MUHAMMAD
AND ORIGINS OF
ISLAM
Muhammad
(Peace Be
Unto Him)
The man behind the turban
Who is
this
mystery
man?
• Muhammad = “worthy of praise”
• Born in 570 in Mecca to a prominent
family
• Orphaned and lived w/ uncle
• Married Khadija (15 yrs older) – had lots
of kids
• According to Islamic tradition, he
received his first revelation in a cave
that he retreated to for meditation in the
month of Ramadan
• Three years later, he began publically
preaching these revelations
• Migrated to Medina to escape
persecution in 622 (This marks the
beginning of the Islamic calendar)
• By his death in 632, he united most of
Arabia under Islam
• frequently retreated to Mount Hira to
meditate and consider his spirituality
(oooh)
This is Mount Hira.
How did this mystery come about?
AKA the Origins of Islam
• Muhammad went and sat in a cave, thinking
about life
• The Angel Gabriel gave him a message from
God
• According to Islam, God gives Qur’an through
angel Gabriel to prophet Muhammad.
• Thus, Qur’an is believed to be the perfect
words of Allah.
• The followers becomes a Muslim, meaning one
who makes Islam, or “submission,” to the will
of God.
• Then they wrote down all the words and made
the Qur’an.
BELIEFS OF
ISLAM
Islamic Beliefs
• Five Pillars of Islam:
– Pilgrimage (Hajj)
– Fasting (Sawm)
– Almsgiving (Zakat)
– Prayer (Salam)
– One God and
Muhammad is his
Messenger (Shahada)
Islamic Practices
•
•
Followers of Islam and
known as Muslims
Varies from Sects of Islam
–
Sunni
•
–
Shiites (Depends on sect of
Shiites)
•
•
•
Namaz five times a day
Dua three times a day
Namaz five times a day
Fasting
–
–
Month of Ramadan (Lunar
Calendar)
Also includes acts of prayer
and devotion at night.
THE CALIPHS:
SUCCESSORS
TO MUHAMMAD
The role of the Caliph
• The caliphs -political leaders of the Muslim community in
the earlier eras of Islamic history: SUCCESSORS TO
MUHAMMAD
• Unites all Muslim nations, is only system that is fully
approved by Muslim theology.
• Caliphs are chosen differently:
• Sunnis believed that Caliphs should be chosen by
election by Muslim representatives.
• Shiites believed that the Caliph should be an Imam
descended in a line from the Ahl al-Bayt, or the
descendents of Ali.
The origins of the Caliphate
• The caliphate was the result of Muhammad‘s death.
There was a need for a successor.
• The first 4 Caliphs were Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, Uthman, and Ali
• After the death of Ali, Islam branched into Sunnis, Shi’ites,
and Kharjites.
• Kharjites rebelled from the system itself because of Ali’s
acceptance of arbitration.
• Kharjites claim righteousness for themselves.
• Today all three divisions of Islam still exist, though the
majority of Muslims are Sunni or Shi’ite.
• The caliphate lasted from 632 to
1258 C.E.
• the line of Caliphs: the original 4
caliphs, followed by the
Umayyad and Abbasid
caliphates.
• System inactive since 1920s;
reestablishment suggested by
some groups
• Peaceful and forceful methods
have been used to push
reestablishment; Al-Queda is an
example of a violent activist
group, and Hizb Ut-Tahrir is an
example of a peaceful activist
group
The
continuation of
the Caliphate
•Continued and confirmed Five Pillars of Islam:
•(1) avowal of a single god and Muhammad as is
messenger
•(2) prayer x5 every day
•(3) fasting during lunar month (Ramadan)
•(4) paying alms
•(5) making pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during life
•Father of Muhammad’s favorite wife and one of earliest believers
of Islam
•Succeeded Muhammad as caliph
•Quelled the Bedouin revolt called the Ridda and realized the need
to expand territory beyond Arabian peninsula
•Started hostilities against the Byzantines and Sassanids
•Ordered secretaries of Muhammad to organize the Prophet’s
revelations into a book: the Quran
•Another of Muhammad’s fathers-in-law; appointed by
Abu Bakr
•Added title Amir al-Mu'minin, “Commander of the
Faithful,” to his title to signify that the caliphs were
spiritual as well as political leaders
•Focused on expanding the Islamic territory beyond the
Arabian Peninsula
•Conquered lands: Syria, Egypt, Iraq, and much of Persia
•Kharaj and jizya taxes, tax on landowners and peasants
and tax on non-Muslims to practice own religion,
respectively
• Standardized the Qu’ran
• Faced many political
difficulties
– Some were mad that Ali did not
get the caliph position
– He promotion of his Umayyad
kin brought about criticism
– His attempt to establish a
one true text of the Qu’ransome thought he was
tampering with the words of
God
• Assassinated by
Egyptians
• The majority of Muslims did not
support him, but he still seized the
post
– Causing conflict amongst Muslims
• Conflicts led to formation of 3
sects
– Ali’s supporters were Shiites
• Small number of the Shiites split off into
another group called Kharijites
– The rest majority of Muslims were Sunnis
SPREAD OF
ISLAM AND
GEOGRAPHY
Geographical Spread of Islam
•After Muhammad’s death, the empire began spreading beyond the Arabian
Peninsula, reaching Iran and Egypt.
•In the 8th century, the empire spread onto the Iberian Peninsula and Indus
Valley reached the height of its power.
•Religious tolerance was practiced because of the wide diversity throughout
the empire.
Medina
Located on the western Arabian Peninsula (Hejaz Region).
Capital of the Islamic Empire until 661.
Oasis city- in the most fertile area of the Hejaz region.
Surrounded by hills and mountains.
Was originally known as Yathrib and occupied by Jewish refugees.
Mecca
Located in the desert.
No vegetation except cacti.
Climate was hot and dry with limited water sources.
City has less undulation- Very easy to access- for pilgrimages.
The Spread of Islam
• Muhammad’s Hometown - Mecca: Lies in barren
mountain valley between Yemen, Syria, and Red
Sea coast of Arabia
• Hijra- “the flight” from Mecca to Medina (“the
City of the Prophet”) because Islam was not
widely accepted
-Marks turning point of Islam and is the
beginning date on Islamic calendars
• Islam kept strong with nationalism in the Arabic
world and is still rapidly spreading
Geography of the Arabian Peninsula
•
•
•
•
•
Mostly dominated by desert.
Southern end of peninsula has more rainfall because of monsoons.
Has coastal plains and several oasis in the east.
Mountain ranges to the southwest.
Varying climate by region, but has limited rainfall and high
temperatures throughout most of the area.
Arabian Peninsula
•
Enormous seas of sand- ”Empty Quarter”- isolating inner Arabia
-Southern regions knew more about Africa, India, and Persian Gulf
-Exceptions were caravan traders
Geography
•
•
•
•
•
•
Includes the Arabian Peninsula, the Persian Empire, Northern Africa,
and the majority of Spain
Called Arabian Subcontinent because on top of tectonic plates
Central Plateau with fertile valleys and pastures
Range of deserts in north
Stretches of dry and marshy coastland with coral reefs on Red Sea
Range of mountains west of Red Sea
Expansion of Islam
Beginning of
Islam
RISE AND FALL
OF UMAYYAD
AND ABBASID
EMPIRES
Umayyad
• The first Islamic dynasty in 661-750.
• After an agreement with Muhammad in 630,
succeeded in preserving their economic influence and
gradually reintegrated into the political power
structure.
• Abd al-Malik succeeded in consolidating Umayyad
rule, and proceeded with a series of administrative
reforms including the conversion of the bureaucracy
from Greek to Arabic, and the minting of new
currency.
• Abbasid eventually succeeded in toppling the last
Umayyad caliph, Mar wan II, in 750.
Abbasid
• Rose in the year 750 to replace the Umayyad
dynasty by uniting several groups which had
grievances against the Umayyad.
• Had a direct familiar tie to Mohammed.
• Dynasty lasted 500 years until it was wiped out
by a grandson of Genghis Khan.
• Major cause of fall of the dynasty was failure to
find a good solution to the difficult problem of
holding together a very large empire in the fairly
primitive circumstances of the early middle ages.
RISE AND FALL
OF
OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
Rise of Ottoman Empire
1299 – 1923 C.E.
• It was the largest and the most influential Muslim empire.
• Primarily located in the Mediterranean. It spread into Europe. They
arose from Anatolia.
• Sultan Suleiman was the greatest leader because he expanded the
empire and caused a lot of cultural history. Absolute power
• Capital: Istanbul
• Centralized government
• Large international trade center/routes- basis of economy
• Ghazi emirates made up Turkish Anatolia
• Osman I expanded his emirate towards Byzantine
• Decline in Serbian influence allowed Ottoman to expand
• Conquered Constantinople cementing its position of power
Height of power
• Spanned three countries
(Southeastern Europe, the Middle
East and North Africa. )
• Had 29 provinces
• Also had control oversea lands
• Constantinople (Istanbul) is the
capital
• Had Islamic cultures
• Military was key in advancing the
Empire
• Islamic state, but tolerant towards
other monotheistic religions
• Government run by religious law
• Taxed on all goods passing in and
out of the empire
Fall of Ottoman Empire
• Territorial, economic, and cultural growth stopped in
1566
• The decline was because of a population increase and a
refusal to modernize society (Economic structure failure)
• It’s diverse region means that a single economy cannot
meet the needs of all of them
• Also during World War I they sided with the central
power
• Once the central powers were defeated, the Ottomans
retreated to Anatolia
• Then they soon feel apart and that part became Turkey
SAFAVID
EMPIRE
SAFAVID EMPIRE!• The Empire started as a group of
people from Turkish tribes and
1502-1722
people of Shiite-Sufi descent.
Beginnings and
Society/Religion
•
•
•
•
• It covered most of Iran, and parts of
Turkey and Georgia
• Theocracy structure
• State Religion: Shi’a Islam.
• Economic strength came from trade
Shah
and location.
Beauracracy/Landowners
• The empire made Iran a center of
art, architecture, poetry and
Commoners
philosophy.
• The Empire ended when it became
corrupt.
The Monarchy was in the form of a triangle: Shah (the ruler), the bureaucracy
and then the common people.
The Shahs were thought to be semi- divine and was also thought to have a
direct connection to the prophet Muhammad.
The senior positions in the bureaucracy were appointed by merit, and were
usually people from other countries. This decreased competition.
The Shahs had their faces printed on cups so the common people would think
they were friends
A tale of two cities- Isfahan and Istanbul
+ Isfahan became the capital of Iran; 1598
+ Both cities looked physically different
+ Istanbul's harbor was the primary seaport
+ Isfahan was far from the sea, and only received
European visitors rarely
+Both had similar characteristics; favored walking,
women seldom appeared in public, streets were
narrow, wives could retain property after marriage,
and could appear in court. Everyone wore similar
clothing.
+ Isfahan was not a true cosmopolitan
capital
Miniature of the Safavid Empire 
Economic Crisis and Political Collapse
• Deep pile carpets were main source of foreign trade, but
most people farmed or herded for a living
• In the late 16th century, inflation from cheap silver spread
to Iran, and trade declined because of silk monopoly
mismanagement
• The country couldn’t pay off the army or gov’t
• Gov’t lost support from the nomads, since they tried to
take the nomads’ land to pay off taxes
• Gov’t became so weak that Afgans were able to capture
Isfahan, leading to the end of Safavid rule
MUGHAL
EMPIRE
Mughal Empire: 1526-1858
• Under the Mughal rules India became united under one rule and had
very prosperous cultural and political years.
• Akbar- true founder of Mughal Empire. He created the establishment
of an efficient administrative system that held the empire together
and stimulated trade and economic development.
• Religion: Sunni Islam of the Hanafi Madhab.
• Gained significant conquests in the Deccan Plateau region.
Mughal Empire
• Mansabs- A system of honorific ranks that defined each official’s
position.
• Adopted Hindu political rituals and customs to be accepted into
Hindu society.
• Arts flourished at this time; the most prominent achievements were
in architecture, manuscript illustration, and painting.
• Empire decline: Some of the regions under the Mughal’s control
started to experience economic growth and in time felt that they
were strong enough to stand alone. They refused to cooperate
therefore with the Mughal’s and were often at arms as well.
IBN BATTUTA
AND
IBN SINA
IBN BATTUTA
1304-circa 1377
• Islamic scholar and explorer
• Famous for his travel accounts of the
known Muslim world
• Is said to have even traveled farther than
Marco Polo
IBN SINA
980-1037
• One of the most famous Islamic
philosopher and physician
• Wrote scientific and medical
books/encyclopedias
• Considered to be one of the fathers of
early medicine
ISLAMIC ARTS,
MEDICINE,
SCIENCE, AND
TECHNOLOGY
Islamic Arts and Science
-Architecture: palaces, mosques.
-Calligraphy: Beautiful writing
-Discouraged the use of pictorial
imagery
-Carpet weaving
-Astronomy: Unique to the Islamic
faith, solve practical problems
-Many great philosophers
Medicine and Technology
• Muslim hospitals
pioneered the practices
of diagnosis, cure, and
future prevention.
• Hospitals open 24 hrs.
• Al-Razi: developed
treatments for small pox
and measles
• Advancement in field of
pharmacology
• Advancement in
Mathematics
Arts&Science
Arts:
•Many artistic techniques
adapted from the Romans.
•Made many sculptures
made out of stucco
•Used glass for cosmetics
containers and bottles.
•They used parchment from
animals skins to write books,
which were based on the
format of the Qur`an.
•Textiles: often made with
expensive materials;
covered buildings,
furnishings, and mosques.
Science:
•Many schools were created,
resulting in many educated
scholars.
•Invention of paper allowed for
printing of books, which spread
knowledge and education.
•Works of philosophers such as
Sophocles and Plato were
translated into Arab and printed
into books.
•Ibn Haiyan: “Father of
Chemistry” introduced
experimental investigation and
wrote books on chemistry and
alchemy
Medicine&Technology
Technology:
Medicine:
• Doctors recorded
down
observations and
created cures for
many diseases.
• Main Doctors- Ibn
Riza (who wrote
about measles
and smallpox)
and Ibn Nafis
(who explained
the circulatory
system).
•Advanced water cleaning
systems and water
transportation that resulted in
better agriculture
•Tar roads and pavements
•Acequia: a waterway
introduced by Spain
•Built several dams
•Development of paper
allowed for printing of books
ISLAM IN THE
MODERN
WORLD
ISLAM TODAY
• The Islamic New Year begins on the day Muhammad left
Mecca to travel to Medina.
• Islam is the dominant religion in most Middle Eastern
countries.
• A mosque is a place of worship for Muslims
The basic unit of Islamic society is the family, and Islam
defines the obligations and legal rights of family
members.
A man may have up to four wives if he believes he can
treat them equally, while a woman may have only one
husband.
Starting in the 20th century, Muslim social reformers
argued against these and other practices such as
polygamy, with varying success.