Transcript South West Asia in AP AKA the Middle East

South West Asia in AP
AKA the Middle East
Yet another region in WHAP
How many more to go?
Middle East Free Response
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2002 DBQ Muslim and Christian attitudes of merchants, CCOT global trading patterns, COM
Industrialism of Ottoman to Russia or Japan
2004 COMP effects of First World War: with East or South Asia
2005 COMP state building in Islamic States with city-states or Khanates
2007 CCOT Nationalism from WWI to present COMP Spanish or Russian to Ottoman
Could it be this year again?
Who is the Middle East and why can it be considered a ethnocentric term?
Civilization’s birth and…
The first simplified alphabet, containing only 22
letters, was created by the
A. Mesopotamians
B. Assyrians
C. Hebrews
D. Phoenicians
E. Babylonians
D. The Phoenicians
• These carriers of civilization will be even more
simplified by the Greeks. Origins of Alphabets
can be traces in the Middle East from the
Mesopotamian Cuneiform. Simplified for
trading purposes, the Phoenicians will become
known as the carriers of civilization connecting
Middle Eastern culture to the Mediterranean
How ‘bout some social?
In Mesopotamia, prisoners of war, convicted
criminals, and heavily indebted individuals were
the three main sources for
A. slaves
B. indentured servants
C. dependent clients
D. mercenary soldiers
E. indentured priests
‘Kay, that was easy
• A slaves were procured this way for most
societies in the Middle East with the exception
of the Roman Empire. Later, the Arab slave
trade will continue through the 20th century.
Coercive labor patterns are illustrated in many
Middle Eastern text including the Code of
Hammurabi, Mosaic laws, and Persian court
rulings.
Core curriculum style
“If anyone steals from a temple or the
court, he shall be put to death, and also
the one who receives the stolen thing
from him shall be put to death.
The laws cited above are evidence of
which of the following in Babylonian
society?
A.Reliance on divine intervention to
resolve legal disputes
“If anyone buys from the son or the slave B. Social and economic equality
of another man, without witnesses or
C. The protection of property
contract, silver or gold…he is considered D. Regularized coinage of precious
a thief and shall be put to death.”
metals.
~Code of Hammurabi, Babylon, circa
1780 B.C.E.
C Protection of private property
• Even early on in Babylonian society, personal
property was an important determinant of
class, political position and emphasized
heavily in the earliest code of laws.
Persia: From ancient to Classical
• All of the following are associated with
Classical Persia EXCEPT:
• (A) the royal road
• (B) Persepolis
• (C) Zoroastrianism
• (D) Upanishads
D: The Upanishads are earlier Hindu
text
• The Royal roads connected the empire to its
capital city (Persepolis) where its religious
tolerance allowed its various adherents to
interact with the state sponsored
monotheistic religion known for inspiring
other religion’s concept of good and evil
(Zoroastrianism)
Pre-Islam Arabs
• . Prior to Muhammad’s revelations, the
religion of the Bedouin was
• (A) Primarily Christian.
• (B) Primarily Jewish.
• (C) Based upon ancient poems.
• (D) A mixture of animism and polytheism
D Mixture of Polytheism and animism
• Most nomadic pastoralist (the Arab bedouins
were no different) were polytheist and/or
animist. Many of their ways will remain (role
of women, role of trade, role of competition
through war) although Islam will nite them
under the umma.
Time for Islam
The scene represents a central event of a
(A) Muslim hijra
(B) Commemoration of the Byzantine
Empire in the Hagia Sophia
(C) Muslim hajj
(D) Celebration of the Christian victories
of the First Crusade
C. Hajj, one of the 5 Pillars
• The Hajj is a religious pilgrimage to the
birthplace of the last prophet Muhammad and
must be attempted at least once in your life. It
take place in Mecca where pilgrims walk
around the Kaaba (pictured) 7 times for
religious purification. Historical Hajj’s include
Ibn Battuta and Mansa Musa
Dhimmi status
• Which groups were treated as “people of the
book” in lands under Islamic rule?
• (A) Shiite and Sunni
• (B) Hindus and Buddhists
• (C) Persians and Greeks
• (D) Christians and Jews
•
D Christians and Jews
• Not just for their monotheism (although that is
essential) but because this book that is reffered is
the narrative begun in the Torah’s 5 books (what
Christians call the Old Testament) continuing
through the story of Jesus and his disciples (new
testament) and continuing through the story of
the last prophet of Islam;Muhammad (the Koran).
Theses “Abrahamic faiths” were respected in the
Islamic world and granted tolerance (although
had to pay the non-Muslim head tax called the
Jizya)
Know your pillars
• All of the following are part of the Five Pillars
of the Islamic Faith EXCEPT:
• (A) Observation of fasting during the month
of Ramadan
• (B) Right thought and right action
• (C) The pilgrimage, or hajj, to Mecca
• (D) Prayer five times a day
B Right though, right action
• This one was part of the 8-fold path of
Buddhism which dealt with the end of
suffering. In short, the 5 pillars include the
Hajj(you saw before) praying 5x a day facing
Mecca, Fasting during Ramadan,monotheism
(with Muhammad as the last prophet) and
giving to the poor (Zakat)
Part of the first pillar
• Who is recognized by Muslims as the last
prophet?
• Abraham
• Ishmael
• Abu Bakr
• Muhammad
• Moses
Muhammad
• The last prophet although Abraham, Noah,
Moses, Jesus (even Adam) are in the Muslim
Holy Book (Koran) more than even
Muhammad’s name. The first pillar calls
Muslim adherents to believe in the one God
with Muhhamad being the last of the
prophets (messengers of God)
An icon?
The type of wall decoration illustrated
above would most commonly be found in
a
(A) Stupa
(B) Mosque
(C) Cathedral
(D) Temple
(E) Marketplace
B A mosque
• Although these Muslim houses of worship will
differ from place to place (made of clay sand
in Timbuktu), geometric patterns were
frequent in the Middle East due to the fact
that graven images of prophets and anges
were considered idolotrous and therefore
forbidden.
Religious Schism
• The split between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims
occurred as a result of
A. Divergent interpretations of religious texts
B. Conflict over the translation of liturgy into
native languages
C. Disagreement over leadership succession
issues
D. A rift between more fundamentalist and
more liberal branches of Islam
C. Leadership succession
• Like Ashoka and Mansa Musa and Alexander
the great, leadership succesion is important
for stability. Shiites believe that the successor
should come from the family line of
Muhammad whist the Sunnis believe it should
be though an election of the Muslim
community.
Women in the Post-Classical World
• Which of the following groups of women saw
their roles change most profoundly in the
period between 600 and 1450?
• European women.
• Islamic women.
• Hindu women of India.
• African women.
• Latin American women
Islamic Women
• Although Islam will provide legal rights,
property right and divorce rights, subsequent
Muslim Caliphates will seclude certain women
(harem) veil women and begin a pattern of
restriction toward the end of the post-classical
world.
We’ve seen this vocabulary word
before
• The Islamic umma was
• (A) The name given to the clergy of the new
faith.
• (B) The name given to Muhammad’s flight
from Mecca to Medina.
• (C) The holy book into which Muhammad’s
revelations were recorded.
• (D) The concept of the community of the
faithful that transcended clan boundaries
D concept of community
• This transcended clan rivalries and helped
unite first the Arabs, then all converts to the
Muslim faith. The term Dar Al Islam translates
the abode or house of the Islamic community
and included Southern Spain, Northern Africa
and the Middle East and India. Eventually it
will cross into Sub-Saharan Africa and even
China
Comparison
• From the founding of each religion, Christians
and Muslims shared a belief in
• (A) the principle of separation of church and
state
• (B) the legal equality of men and women
• (C) equality of opportunity
• (D) a single omnipotent deity
D Single Omnipotent Deity
• In other words, monotheism. Just look at the
first pillar and first commandment and there
you have it. It is the same God (athough there
will be conflict including the reconquista,
crusades and Moorish conquests) they really
are pretty similar
Cross-cultural
• Which of the following accurate statement compares
Islamic contacts with Europe to Islamic contacts with SubSaharan Africa during the post-Classical era?
• (A) Since the Islamic world had limited medical
knowledge, it gained more from its contact with both
places than it gave to either.
• (B) In both areas contact was initiated by the missionary
efforts of the Sufis.
• (C) Contact was more likely to result in conversion to Islam
in sub-Saharan Africa than it was in Europe.
• (D) In neither area did contact lead to significant change.
•
C Contact led to conversion in Africa
than in Europe
• Two reasons for this, one is that Dhimmi
status was granted to Jews and Christians in
Europe (Iberia) while the animist were
generally not. Secondly, Islam came into
Europe through conquest (remember Charles
Martel defeating the moors?)whilst it made
good business sense for merchants to convert
in Africa for deals which were controlled by
Sharia Muslim law)
While Greece, Rome, Persia and Early Byzantium controlled much of the Middle East, let’s skip to
the Post-Classical period
Which of the following statements most accurately reflects a major
difference between Arab expansion in the seventh century and
Viking expansion in the ninth century?
a) Arab expansion relied most heavily on diplomacy, while Viking
expansion relied most heavily on military might.
b) Viking expansion tended to occur in areas with few large urban
centers, while the Arab expansion occurred in areas with
comparatively large urban centers.
c) Arab expansion was financed by religious tithing, while Viking
expansion was financed by profit from the silk trade.
d) Viking expansion was limited to Ireland, Scotland, Iceland, and
Greenland, while Arab expansion was limited to the Arabian
Peninsula and Persia.
c) Arab expansion relied heavily on the technology of the cannon,
while Viking expansion relied heavily on dragon boats.
Oh, the Arabs were nomadic
merchants (bedouin)
• B the Vikings and Arabs were both nomadic
but Vikings rape pillaged and plundered rural
feudal regions while the Arabs including areas
that were urban centers of trade (Cairo,
Medina, Cordova) while spreading Islam either
peacefully or through aggressive military
campaigns
Another comparison between Islam
and the “West”
Renaissance Italy and the Islamic Middle East after the
decline of the Abbasid Empire in the mid-tenth
century are important examples of which of the
following?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Political unity and cultural creativity
Political fragmentation and cultural creativity
Political unity and the decline of religion
Political fragmentation and the decline of religion
Political unity and the rise of secularism
Key word decline of Abbasid
• B both areas were fragmented (city-states,
sultanates) but through trade, religion and
that wonderful ability to adopt and adapt,
great advances were made in banking
industries, architecture (they influenced each
other) and science (medicine, astronomy and
mathematics)
Avoid it like the…
Which of the following is true of the bubonic
plague?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
It followed established trade routes.
It was a European phenomenon.
It affected West Africa.
It began in Europe and spread to China.
It died out completely after the fourteenth
century.
Trade spreads disease
• A trade routes were responsible for such
notable epidemics like the Periclean
Plague(Athens) , Justinian’s Plague (Byzantine
Empire), Great Dying (Small pox in the new
world) and the Bubonic Plague (Cairo lost a
million in 1347 alone). The Spanish influenza,
however did not spread by trade. How did it?
Now onto the Ottomans
The millet system in the Islamic empires:
a) was especially effective in India.
b) created cooperation among the ethnic groups
of the Ottoman Empire.
c) was a system of slavery.
d) interfered with religious sentiment.
e) promoted nationalist sentiment within the
Ottoman Empire.
Millett- religious enclaves free to practice
independent belief as long as jizya (non muslim
head tax) is paid
• E. somehow will promote nationalist
sentiment. Perhaps this is because the
Ottomans (and many others) were multiethnic and multi denominations empires
whose salutory neglect facilitated a
independent spirit which when they became
the “sick man of Europe” enabled political
fragmentation and divisions
Lucrative Spice Trade
Which of the following are states that dominated
the Mediterranean trade during the sixteenth
century?
a) Italian city-states and the Ottoman Empire
b) The Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire
c) Spain and Portugal
d) The Hapsburg Empire and France
e) The Crusader states
It’s the Reason Iberian powers looked
for new trade routes
• A- Italian city-states and Ottoman Empire
maintained a monopoly on the Mediterranean
Spice trade prompting Spain and Portugal to
both look for alternative routes and then go to
War: Battle of Lepanto 1571 marks a turning
point with Spanish defeat of Ottomans same
year as silver trade of Manilla Galeons
Ottomans get sick
Which of the following is an accurate description of
relations between European states and the Ottoman
Empire in the period 1815 to 1914?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
The Ottomans were expanding at the expense of Russia,
England and France
Russian, English and French expansion came at the
expense of the Ottomans.
The Ottomans, in alliance with the Russians, English and
French, sought to impede German unification.
The Ottomans supported nationalism in the Balkans to
destabilize Europe.
The Ottomans and the French cooperated in colonizing
North Africa.
Nationalism served as a dividing force
• B. The millett system, lack of aadoption of
western technologies , embracing traditional
conservative religious ideologies are just
some of the reasons awhy the British and the
French would pick apart the Ottomans
occassionally supporting them against the
Russian bear(Crimean War)
20th century nationalism
Anti-colonial movements like the Congress Party in India
and the Young Turks agreed on which of the
following?
a) Their emphasis on purely linguistic nationalism
b) The desire to return their societies to an earlier preindustrial age.
c) Their intent to engage in territorial expansion at the
expense of their weaker neighbors.
d) The need for reform in order to resist European
imperialism.
e) The need to persuade all anti-colonial movements to
cooperate with European socialist parties
reforms
• D. the young Turks sought to reform(Tanzimat)
to make Turkey a secular sttae and catch up to
the “West” . Led by the reform movements of
Mustafa Kemal (Attaturk), Turkey would
westernize and gain independence in 1922
Nationalism again
The Zionist movement primarily desired to
A) create a Jewish homeland in Palestine
B) free Jerusalem from the Arabs
C) stop the persecution of Jews in England
D) fight against the Ottoman Turks
E) destroy Germany
Balfour Declaration, you promised!!!
• A) Theodore Hertzl’s dream on creatin an
independent Jewish state in Palestine became
realized in 1948. Promulgated by resentment
against the Jews in Western Europe, the
Drefuss affair, years of blood libel and other
forms of anti-Semitism, the dream came at a
cost. 1967 6 day war, the Yom Kippur war,
Palestinian intifada, 1973 Munich Olympics
are just some of the issues concerning Israel
and hey Arab neighbors