Transcript Tooling Model of Argumentation [Persuasive Writing]

Toulmin Model of
Argumentation
[Persuasive Writing]
Steven Toulmin - a philosopher; mastered the art of rhetoric. He
studied the Greek philosophers and found a formula to
express his argument.
Rhetoric is the art of persuasive speaking or writing.
Courtroom: two sides
Prosecution and Defense
Prosecution:
Grand Theft Auto
CLAIM: The Defendant is guilty
is that enough?
No
DATA (evidence): * he was caught with the keys
DATA (evidence): * the car is in his garage
DATA (evidence): * his fingerprints are on the car
Defense:
CLAIM: not guilty
DATA (evidence): * other fingerprints are on the car
DATA (evidence): * he was borrowing the car
DATA (evidence): * he was somewhere else [alibi]
**CANNOT HAVE CLAIM WITHOUT DATA**
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Use logic or emotion to sway the jury - (your reader)
You have to decide which case is stronger. This depends
on how you as the writer/attorney defend your case.
Know what words to use
Elements used to persuade
1.
2.
3.
Logos - logic (reasoning- mostly used in an argument)
Pathos - emotion (example abortion - bring in pictures)
Ethos- credibility (ethical appeal- we believe people we
respect)
CLAIM - the opinion. The statement that sets up what is to be
argued. This statement must be strong and eloquent
(well thought out-refined)
Example: Dress codes are not good. [Not strong]
DO NOT use linking verbs in a claim.
Example: To be or not to be - To act or not to act
**BE SPECIFIC WHEN YOU CHOOSE A VERB
DATA-evidence /information that supports the CLAIM;
the proof that backs up your opinion
**You MUST research the DATA before you have an
opinion (CLAIM).
How do you come to an opinion?
You research the facts
**THE CLAIM MUST BE ARGUABLE**
Example: I like pizza.
[Not arguable; it is just about you. A matter of
opinion is not arguable.]
1. Has to be a topic that is controversial.
2. The topic must be able to be defended.
*Be careful! You can’t be emotional when you choose your
argument. You may be so emotional that you don’t
even know what to say.
How many of you already had an argument today?