Transcript File chapter 11

Cover Slide
The Earth and
Its Peoples
3rd edition
Chapter 11
Inner and East Asia,
400-1200
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"Going up the River"
"Going up the River"
In Song times many cities in China grew to 50,000 or more people, and the capital, Kaifeng,
reached over a million. The bustle of a commercial city is shown here in a detail from a lateeleventh- or early-twelfth-century cityscape scroll: Zhang Zeduan, Life Along the River on the
Eve of the Qingming Festival. This scene shows draymen and porters, peddlers and
shopkeepers, monks and scholars, a storyteller, a fortuneteller, a scribe, and a woman in a sedan
chair. (The Palace Museum, Beijing)
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Bronze statue of Maitreya
Bronze statue of Maitreya
This gilt bronze image of Maitreya was
made in Korea during the Three
Kingdoms period (Silla, Paekche, and
Koguryo). It depicts the Buddha
Maitreya, the Future Buddha who
presides over Tushita Heaven. The
rounded face, slender body, and
gracefully draped robe help convey the
idea that the Buddha is neither male nor
female, but beyond such distinctions.
(Courtesy, Yushin Yoo)
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Horyuji Temple
Horyuji Temple
Prince Shotoku sponsored the magnificent Horyuji Temple and staffed it with clergy from Korea. Japanese
Buddhist temples, like those in China and Korea, consisted of several buildings within a walled compound.
The buildings of the Horyuji Temple (built 670-711; Prince Shotoku's original temple burned down) include
the oldest wooden structures in the world, and house some of the best early Buddhist sculpture in Japan. The
three main buildings depicted here are the pagoda, housing relics; the main hall, with the temple's principal
images; and the lecture hall, for sermons. The five-story pagoda could be seen from far away, much like the
steeples of cathedrals in medieval Europe. (The Orion Press)
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Iron stirrups
Iron stirrups
This bas-relief from the tomb of Li Shimin depicts the type of horse on which the Tang armies conquered China and Central
Asia. The horses were equipped with saddles having high supports in front and back, breastplates, and cruppers, all indicating
the importance of high speeds and quick maneuvering on the field of battle. Most significant were the iron stirrups, which were
in general use in Central Asia from the time of the Huns (fifth century). The stirrups could support the weight of fully shielded
and well-armed soldiers who rose in the saddle to shoot arrows, use lances, or simply urge the horse to greater speeds.
(University of Pennsylvania Museum)
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Movable type, Korean
Movable type, Korean
With the improvement of cast bronze
tiles, each showing a single character, it
was no longer necessary to cast or carve
whole pages. Individual tiles could be
moved from page frame to page frame.
In Korea, where this set was cast,
movable type that was more stable in the
frame and gave a more pleasing
appearance was produced, and all parts
of East Asia eventually adopted this
form of printing for cheap, popular
books. In the mid-1400s Korea also
experimented with a fully phonetic form
of writing, which in combination with
movable type allowed Koreans
unprecedented levels of literacy and
access to printed works. (Courtesy,
Yushin Yoo)
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Page from "Tale of the Genji"
Page from "Tale of the Genji"
The narrative handscrolls illustrating The Tale of Genji, a romance of Japanese court life written in the late
tenth century by Lady Murasaki Shikibu, are the most celebrated of Japanese aristocratic artworks. The
earliest set of illustrations on this theme comes from 1120-1130 and survives only in fragments. The novel of
fifty-four chapters originally must have covered at least twenty separate scrolls with hundreds of illustrations
and thousands of sheets of calligraphy. It recounts the young manhood of Prince Genji and follows his
adventures in Court with a series of ladies; it ends when Genji is 30 years old and is considering the
priesthood. (Tokugawa Art Museum, Nagoya)
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Prince Shotoku
Prince Shotoku
Prince Shotoku (574-622) helped
strengthen Yamato rule in Japan by
introducing Chinese political and
bureaucratic practices. In 604 he issued
the "Seventeen Article Constitution,"
which upheld the rights of the ruler and
commanded his subjects to obey him.
Prince Shotuku was a generous patron
of Buddhist temples and also opened
direct relations with China. Here he is
shown, along with two attendants,
wearing Chinese-style robes and
holding the Chinese symbol of office.
(Imperial Household Collection,
Kyoto)
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Samurai armor, 12th c.
Samurai armor, 12th c.
The samurai were skilled warriors who
were rapidly becoming a social class in
the twelfth century. Their emergence was
made possible by the development of
private landed estates. To keep order
local lords organized private armies of
samurai. In return for each samurai's
loyalty and service, the lord granted him
land or income. A member of the Taira
clan once wore this twelfth-century set
of samurai armor. Armor had to serve the
practical purpose of defense, but, as in
medieval Europe and medieval Islam, it
was often embellished, turning armor
into works of art. (Suzanne Perrin/Japan
Interlink)
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Tang women playing polo
Tang women playing polo
The Tang Empire, like the Sui, was strongly influenced by Central Asian as well as Chinese traditions. As in
many Central Asian cultures, women in Tang China were likely to exercise greater influence in the
management of property, in the arts, and in politics than women in Chinese society at later times. They were
not excluded from public view, and noblewomen--like these four court ladies--could even compete at polo.
The game, widely known in various forms in Central Asia from a very early date, combined the Tang love of
riding, military arts, and festive spectacles. (The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri
(Purchase: acquired through the generosity of Katherine Harvey))
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Tea-leaf jar, Chinese, found in Japan
Tea-leaf jar, Chinese, found in Japan
Tea reached Korea and Japan from
China as a part of Buddhist culture. By
the fourteenth century, when this 42centimeter-tall tea-leaf jar was imported
to Japan from south China, tea from
China was still prized, but the Japanese
had begun to appreciate the distinctive
flavors of teas from different regions of
Japan. With the development of the tea
ceremony, tea drinking became an art in
Japan, and jars such as this one were
treasured as art objects and used by tea
masters. (The Tokugawa Reimeikai
Foundation)
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Turfan women grind flour
Turfan women grind flour
Women throughout Central Asia and East Asia were critical to all facets of economic life. In the
Turkic areas of Central Asia, women commonly headed households, owned property, and
managed businesses. These small figurines, made to be placed in tombs, portray the women of
Turfan--a Central Asian area crossed by the Silk Road--performing tasks in the preparation of
wheat flour. (Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous District Museum)
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Wall painting of Korean hunters
Wall painting of Korean hunters
The Korean elite of the late fifth to early sixth century--the date of this tomb mural-were warriors who took pleasure in hunting. Here men on horses are depicted
hunting tigers and deer. The skill and artistry of the painters also testify to the high
level attained by Korean artists of the period. (Courtesy, Yushin Yoo)
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Xuanzang returning to Chang'an
Xuanzang returning to Chang'an
Monks, missionaries, and pilgrims followed the Silk Road to bring Buddhism to Southeast
Asia, China, Korea, and Japan. The Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang (600-664) left written
accounts of his travels following the Silk Road, from which Buddhism had arrived in China.
Along the way he encountered Buddhist communities and monasteries that previous
generations of missionaries and pilgrims had established. Here we see him returning to the
Tang capital Chang'an from Tibet in 645, his ponies laden with Sanskrit texts. (Fujita Art
Museum)
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Mochica earring
Mochica earring
Elites of the Moche period (c. 200
B.C.E.– 500 C.E.) on the northern
coast of Peru commissioned vast
quantities of jewelry. This gold and
turquoise earring depicts a warriorpriest wearing an owl-head necklace,
holding a removable war club (right
hand) and shield (left hand), and
flanked by attendants. Peanuts had
recently been domesticated in the
area, and the peanut beading around
the edge suggests the leader's power
over natural fertility in an
agriculturally marginal region. The
reverse side is of silver. (Photograph
by Susan Einstein, courtesy of UCLA
Fowler Museum of Cultural History)
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Sesshu painting
Sesshu painting
Sesshu Toyo (1420–1506) is renowned
as the creator of a distinctive style in ink
painting that contrasted with the Chinese
styles that predominated earlier in Japan.
He owed much of his training to the
development of Japanese commerce in
the period of the Ashikaga Shogunate.
As a youth he traveled to China, where
he first learned his techniques. As he
developed his style, a market for his art
developed among the merchant
communities of the Ashikaga period, and
spread to other urban elites. ( Tokyo
National Museum/DNP Archives)
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Map: East Asia in 1000
East Asia in 1000
The Song Empire did not extend as far as its predecessor, the Tang, and faced powerful rivals to the north--the Liao Dynasty
of the Khitans and the Xia Dynasty of the Tanguts. Korea under the Koryo Dynasty maintained regular contact with Song
China, but Japan, by the late Heian period, was no longer deeply involved with the mainland. (Copyright (c) Houghton
Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)
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Map: East Asia in 1200
East Asia in 1200
By 1200 military families dominated both Korea and Japan, but their borders were little changed. On the mainland, the Liao
Dynasty had been overthrown by the Jurchens' Jin Dynasty, which also seized the northern third of the Song Empire.
Because the Song relocated its capital to Hangzhou in the south, this period is called the Southern Song period. (Copyright
(c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)
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Map: Jin and Southern Song Empires
Jin and Southern Song Empires
After 1127 Song was forced to abandon its northern territories to Jin. In the ensuing century Southern Song had to continue
the policy of annual payments--to Jin rather than Liao--and maintain high military preparedness to prevent further invasions.
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Map: Liao and Song Empires, ca. 1100
Liao and Song Empires, ca. 1100
The states of Liao in the north and Song in the south generally ceased hostilities after a treaty in 1005 stabilized the border
and imposed an annual payment on Song China. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)
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Map: The Tang Empire in Central and Eastern Asia
The Tang Empire in Central and Eastern Asia
For over a century the Tang Empire controlled China and a very large part of Central Asia. The defeat of Tang armies in 751
by a force of Arabs, Turks and Tibetans at the Talas River near Tashkent ended Tang westward expansion. To the east, the
Tang dominated Annam, and Japan and the Silla kingdom in Korea were leading tributary states of the Tang. (Copyright (c)
Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)
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