Transcript Working with information…..

MEMORY
&
INTELLIGENCE
MEMORY: The input, storage, and retrieval of
what has been learned or experienced
Sensory Memory works as a filter. It allows us time to determine
what to pay attention to.
SPOT THE REAL PENNY
MAINTENANCE vs. ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL
Even though you live in the United States and probably see
hundreds of pennies a week, it is difficult to identify the real one
from fake ones. Mere repetition, such as seeing something over
and over again does not guarantee a strong memory.
Maintenance Rehearsal = repetition
Elaborative Rehearsal = linking new information to material
that is already known Improves your chances of remembering it!!!!
Short-Term or Working Memory
Use it or lose it!!!!!
Working with information…..
Chunking = Grouping items to make them easier to
remember
Short-Term or Working Memory
Use it or lose it!!!!!
Working with information…..
Mnemonic Devices = Techniques for using associations to
memorize and retrieve information
Long-Term Memory
Types of Long-Term Memory
Episodic memory – memory of our own life (Personal facts)
Semantic memory – knowledge of language, including rules,
words, and meanings
Declarative memory – Stored knowledge called forth
consciously as needed; includes episodic and semantic
Procedural memory – Storage of learned skills that does not
require conscious recollection
Memory and the Brain
We are still learning
about the role of the
brain in MEMORY. To
what extent the brain is
involved is still being
determined.
Retrieving Information
Key = Organization of info in LTM
Recognition: the ability to pick the correct object or event from
a list of choices
Recall: the ability to bring back and integrate many specific
learned details
The brain IS NOT a video recorder
Reconstructive Processes: the alteration of a recalled memory
depending on experiences and attitudes
FACT: 59-year-old Akira Haraguchi recited from memory the first
83,431 decimal places of pi, earning a spot in the Guinness World
Records.
FACT: Super card sharks can memorize the order of a shuffled
deck of cards in less than a minute
FACT: According to evidence, it's impossible to recall images with
near perfect accuracy
Photographic memory – ability to form sharp, detailed visual
images of a picture or page and to recall exactly what you
saw.
DOES IT EXIST?
• Eidetic Memory – The ability to remember with great
accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term
exposure
5% of children
Very rare in adults
• Eyewitness Testimony
• It is often wrong
• Involves recognition
• Memory of event is often distorted
• Eyewitnesses can be misled by questioning
FORGETTING
Types
Decay – fading away of memory over time
Amnesia – loss of memory as a result of a blow to head or
brain damage. Other causes: Stress/Drugs
Interference – blockage of a memory by previous or
subsequent memories or loss of a retrieval cue
•Proactive Interference: prior learning interferes with learning
new information
• Retroactive Interference: newly learned information interferes
with previously learned information
DID YOU KNOW!
Flashbulb Memories are vivid recollections of events that are
shocking or emotional
The SQ3R method of studying improves
your ability to recognize and recall
information
INTELLIGENCE:
IQ & TESTING
INTELLIGENCE
The ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior, and to
adapt to new situations.
Different views on Intelligence exist
Emotional Intelligence: The ability to perceive, use, understand, and
regulate emotions.
Two-Factor Theory: Intelligence includes a general ability (g) level
and specific mental abilities (s)
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory: Numerous (8) and
unrelated intelligences
INTELLIGENCE TEST
Measure IQ, or a standardized measure of intelligence based
on a scale of which 100 is average
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale:
• Originally meant for children; adapted for adults
• Groups test items by age level
• 100 is average for given age
Wechsler Tests:
• More common today
• Three versions (2-6, 6-16, 16-89)
•More detailed scoring
IQ SCORES – What do they mean?
Average score is 100
Traditionally 70 or below = mentally handicapped
Good indicator of success in school
Do not predict success in the real world
Nature v. Nurture: Both genetic factors & the environment play a
role in IQ. The % each contributes is debatable.
Cultural Bias: wording used in questions may be more familiar to
people or one social group than to another group