Transcript 강의 7 : Human Memory

강의 7 : Human Memory
(Retention and Retrieval)
2004년 4월 26일
홍승권
강의 목표 및 목차

강의목표


인간의 메모리에 정보를 유지하거나 추출하는 과
정에 대해 이해한다.
목차





Retention Function
Inference Effect
Retrieval and Inference
Associative Structure and Retrieval
Implicit and Explicit Memory
Recall 할 수 없는 이유

두 가지로 대별



Disappeared in memory
Can not retrieval from memory
메모리에서 사라진 것으로 여겨지는 경우에도,
sensitive test에 의해 여전히 존재함을 입증


Penfield (1959) : Stimulation of the temporal
lobe
Nelson (1971) : Changed information and
unchanged information에 대한 재교육을 통해
Retention Function

Power of law of forgetting


Diminishing loss with delay
학습의 과정과 유사(Power of law of learning)
Log(d’) = A – blogT
d’ = CT-b, where d’=probability of recognition,
T=time

Decay theory VS Inference theory
Inference Effects


Learning additional associations to a
stimulus can cause old ones to be
forgotten.
Fan effect


The more facts associated with a
concept, the slower retrieval of any one
of the facts.
반응시간의 차이 (Table 7.2)
Inference Effects

Forgetting is produced both decay in trace
strength and by inference from other
memories



잠자는 동안 덜 잊어버림.
밤에 배운 것을 더 잘 기억함. (특히, 초저녁)
Learning redundant material does not
interfere with a target memory and may
even facilitate the target memory.
Retrieval and Inference


People make some inferences at the time
of recall and are even not aware that they
are making inferences rather than recalling
what was actually studied.
The person infers that Darth Vader was evil
from memories about his behavior. (Star
Wars)

Intelligence inference
Retrieval and Inference


When subjects elaborate on material at
study, they tend to recall more of what
they studies but also tend to recall
inferences that they did not study
Serious errors of memory can occur
because people fail to separate what they
actually experiences from what they
inferred or imagined.
Associative Structure and
Retrieval


When you try to remember the name
of an old classmate, you may find
yourself prompting your memory with
names of other classmates or
memories of things you did with that
classmate.
Retrieval of information is facilitated if
it is organized hierarchically.
Associative Structure and
Retrieval

Method of loci



To remember a series of objects, we
simply mentally walk along with the path
(from the bookstore to the library),
associating the objects with the fixed
locations
The effects of encoding context
Effects of other materials in the
context
Implicit and Explicit Memory

Explicit Memory



The term used to describe knowledge that we can
consciously recall
어떻게 단어가 학습되었는가? Recognition judgment
(Noncontext→ Context →Generate: Fig 7.12)
Implicit Memory




The term used to describe knowledge that we cannot
recall but nonetheless manifests itself on our improved
performance on some task
Memory for the keyboard of typewriter
Riding a bike
어떻게 단어가 학습되었는가? Perceptual identification
(Priming) (Noncontext← Context ←Generate: Fig 7.12)
Procedural Memory

설탕공장에서 설탕의 생산량을 8000톤에서
10000톤사이를 유지하면서 인력의 조정?


직관에 의존하면서 조정(implicit knowledge)
Declarative knowledge VS Procedural
knowledge


Knowledge that we can report
Knowledge of how to do things and it is often
implicit