Transcript Memory and Attention - Liberty Union High School District

Memory
What are these graphs
showing?
In your table group, provide an
interpretation of the data shown
here.
Define the terms:
Recognition
Serial position
Primacy effect
Recency effect
Be prepared to share your
findings with the class in 15
minutes.
What is the model on the next slide showing?
In your table group, provide an interpretation of
the model on the next slide.
Define ALL of the terms shown in the model:
Be prepared to share your findings with the class
at our next meeting.
A written response will be collected from each
table group during the next class.
Information Processing Model of Memory
(Modal Model)
Preattentive Processing
Attentive Processing
Bottom-up Control
I
n
p
u
t
Rehearsal
Consolidation
Sensory
Memory
Selection
Bottleneck
Encoding
Working
Memory
Long-term
Memory
Retrieval
Top-down Control
Iconic Memory (~200-300 ms)
Central Executive
Explicit
Implicit
Echoic Memory (~500 ms)
Phonological Loop
Declarative
Procedural
Semantic
Skill
Episodic
Priming
Visuospatial Sketchpad
ClassicalConditioning
Space bar for iconic memory task
K
Z
R
Q
B
T
S
G
N
Leave blank
How many letters can you remember?
Sperling (1960) found that when asked to remember any of
the letters after they were flashed for 50 msec, they generally
remembered about ½ of them
But …
If he cued them to remember the letters in a certain row by
giving them a cue after the letter presentation, they could
remember almost all of the letters.
An example of chunking increasing the amount of
information remembered
DE
AF
BI
IR
SC
IA
AT FE
PA
Leave Blank
DEA
FBI
IRS
CIA
ATF
EPA
Taught himself nonsense
syllables (such as DAX,
VUM, KEL) and tested
himself in various conditions
(1885)
The Ebbinghaus Retention Curve
Can you influence the forgetting curve?
Why do you think Leslie learned more?
90 %
75 %
50 %
The serial position curve
comparing immediate and
delayed recall
Amnesia
• Case Study H.M. (Henry Molaison)
– Bilateral hippocampal and amygdala lesions with portions of medial temporal
lobe destroyed as well to reduce epilepsy
– Caused severe anterograde amnesia (cannot remember new information)
and retrograde amnesia (inability to recall long term memories) for some
years before the surgery
– H.M. did retain the ability to learn new
procedural information (like the mirror
star tracing task) so memory deficiency
was limited to declarative information.
– Similar to case study N.A. (fencing foil through eye) and to Korsakoff’s
syndrome (alcoholic vitamin B1 deficency [thiamine]) causing severe
anterograde and retrograde amnesia (involvement of mammilary bodies).
– Compare to Alzheimer’s Disease in which cerebral atrophy causes
progressively severe retrograde amnesia (‘first in – last out’ principle of
memory formation and loss).
Attention
• What is attention?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kW86cDBZNLo
• Dichotic Listening – for auditory attention
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8B1NqyB_h5E
• Stroop Task – for visual attention
• Attention is composed of two basic
processes:
– The Central Executive (Working memory)
• Prefrontal/Parietal/Language areas
– Selection process (bottleneck)
• Anterior cingulate
The prefrontal cortex controls higher cognitive functions
Prefrontal Syndromes
Dorsolateral
Dysexecutive type
Orbitofrontal (Phineas Gage)
Disinhibited type
Diminished judgement, planning, Stimulus-driven behaviors insight, time organization
Utilization
Motor behavior issues (aphasia
and apraxia)
Inappropriate social behavior
Diminished self-care
Distractible (Attention deficit)
Perseveration (Wisconsin Card
sort task)
Emotional lability
Prefrontal Circuits
The ‘Panic’ Circuit
Schematic illustrations of putative neural circuits of behavioral flexibility (A),
selective attention (B), sustained attention (C), and impulse control (D).
http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fncir.2013.00063/full#sthash.11INmbbK.dpuf
Want to explore the experiments in the study of memory?
http://step.psy.cmu.edu/scripts/categories.html#memory
References