Transcript ch.7 memory - student power point notes

System that allows for retention of
what is learned
“___________ is the KEY for MEMORY”
Qz. #4 pages 152-174
Chapter 7
Ten Principles of Memory
_____________often !
 Reinforce what you’ve learned through ____________
 If there is a basis for doing so, divide and ___________
 _______________ the material so that it can be stored
 ____________ new material with related facts you know
 Involve your __________, if possible
 Try to see the significance of what you’re learning
 Be sure you fully understand
 Get the info __________ the 1st time
 _________________________
Three Kinds of Memory
1.Episodic – memories of _____________experience
2.Semantic – general knowledge or memory for facts
3. Procedural or ___________– memory for skills
Episodic – Do you remember your first interaction
with a personal computer?
Semantic – Do you know the meaning of personal
computer?
Procedural or Implicit– Are you fluent in the use of
a personal computer?
___________ __________
System for remembering in which items are related to easily
recalled sets of symbols, such as acronyms, phrases, or jingles
EXAMPLES
“i” before “e” except after “c”
“Be, all that you can be!”
“Every Good Boy Does Fine!”
“Like a Rock”
Which is involved?
1.First Kiss
10.Use a computer
2.Riding a bike
11.Spell C-A-T
3.Walking through a maze
12.Driving a car
4.List the 50 states
13.H²0
5.Define Memory
14.Describe a fight to someone
6.Cut and Paste an art project
15.First day in high school
7.Writing notes off an overhead
8.Formula for classical conditioning
9.Witness a car accident
Three Processes of Memory
1._________________ - modifying information so that it can be placed in
memory
a. ____________________ code
b. acoustic code
c. ____________________ code
2._______________ - maintenance of information over time
a.
maintenance ___________________ (157)
b. __________________________rehearsal
c.
organizational systems (superordinate & subordinate)
3.__________________- location of stored information and its return to
consciousness
a. proper cues
b. context-dependent memory
c. state-dependent memory
RETRIEVING
STORING
ENCODING
Three Stages of Memory
1. Sensory Memory - the type or stage of memory
first encountered by a stimulus. Sensory memory holds
impressions briefly, but long enough so that series of
perceptions are psychologically continuous.
• ______________________ Eye Movement
• Memory trace
• Sensory __________________
Iconic memory
_____________ memory
3 Stages of Memory
2. Short Term Memory
(STM)
[ 7+/-2 - about 1 min.]
____________________________________– the tendency to
recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.
_________________ EFFECT – the tendency to
recall the initial items in a series of items.
_________________ EFFECT – the tendency to
recall the last items in a series of items.
Health & Science
Drug Ads Play Up Benefits, Downsize Risks
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9571484
Short Term Memory (STM)
Pages 162-163
OTHER KEY TERMS:
___________________– a mental process for organizing
information into meaningful units, or “chunks,” (162)
___________________– the process that occurs when new
information appears in short-term memory and replaces
what was already there
INTERFERENCE THEORY
We may forget stored material because
other learning interferes with it
_________________Interference - forget the
________ because of the new
Provide a few examples
Proactive Interference - forget the new because of
the old
Provide a few examples
3. Long Term Memory
Pages 163-166
_____________________– based on the piecing together
of memory fragments with general knowledge rather
than a precise picture of the past
______________________– an idea or mental
framework that helps one to organize and interpret
information: a way of mentally representing the world,
such as a belief or expectation, that can influence
perception of persons, objects, and situations
Article: “Memory: The Unreliable Witness”
http://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/common_cents/index.html
Activity: “At the Scene of the Crime”
Article: “Emotions influence memory, learning” – Nov. 7, 2002
SECTION 4: FORGETTING & MEMORY IMPROVEMENT
(Pages 167-173)
“THREE is still the KEY for MEMORY”
In order to study
FORGETTING
1st We need to know what ______________
syllables are. (page167)
2nd We need to know what the three
basic memory tasks are.
(page 167)
3rd How are nonsense syllables and the
three memory tasks related?
Remember,
3 is the key
1st We need to know what nonsense syllables are.
(page167)
•Meaningless sets of two _____________,
with a _________ sandwiched in between,
that are used to study memory
2nd We need to know what the three basic memory
tasks are. (page167)
Three Memory Tasks
A. Recognition – the easiest memory task, involving
identification of objects or events encountered
before
B. Recall – retrieval and reconstruction of learned
material
a. ___________ associates – nonsense syllables
presented in pairs in experiments that measure
recall
C. Relearning – a measure of retention; material is
usually relearned more quickly than it is learned
initially
a. ______________________ & savings
Different Kinds of Forgetting
(page 169)
• Interference – information takes the place of what is already there
 Retroactive interference – forget the old because of the new
 Proactive interference – forget the new because of the old
•
– the fading away of a memory
•
– pushing disturbing memories out of our
consciousness (the ejection of anxiety producing stimuli from conscious
awareness)
• Amnesia
 Infantile amnesia
 Anterograde amnesia
 Retrograde amnesia
Amnesia
Infantile or Childhood Amnesia
•What is your earliest memory?
•How old were you?
•State reasons for childhood amnesia
Psychoanalytic, biological & cognitive
explanations
Check textbook (pages 169-170)
Anterograde Amnesia
Failure to remember events that occur AFTER physical trauma
because of the effects of the trauma
Retrograde Amnesia
Failure to remember events that occur prior (retro = old) to physical
trauma because of the effects of the trauma
Improving Memory
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Drill & Practice
Relate to Things You Already Know
Form Unusual Associations
Construct Links
Use Mnemonic Devices