Transcript elegant

Basic Memory Processes
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
(Code and put into
memory)
(Maintain in
memory)
(Recover from
memory)
TIP OF TONGUE EXPERIMENT
Provide a word that satisfies each of the following definitions.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A blood feud in which members of the family of a murdered person try to kill
the murderer or members of his family.
A protecting charm to ward off spirits.
An old coin of Spain and South America.
A dark, hard, glassy volcanic rock.
A secretion from the sperm whale used in the manufacture of perfume.
A building used for public worship by Moslems.
An Egyption ornament in the shape of a beetle.
The staff of Hermes, symbol of a physician or of the medical corps.
A Russian sled drawn by three horses.
A sword with a short curved blade, used by the Turks and Arabs.
A navigational instrument used in measuring altitudes.
A narrow strip of land by which two larger bodies of land are connected.
ANSWERS
1. A blood feud in which members of the family of a murdered person try
to kill the murderer or members of his family. [vendetta]
2. A protecting charm to ward off spirits. [amulet]
3. An old coin of Spain and South America. [doubloon]
4. A dark, hard, glassy volcanic rock. [obsidian]
5. A secretion from the sperm whale used in the manufacture of perfume.
[ambergris]
6. A building used for public worship by Moslems. [mosque]
7. An Egyptian ornament in the shape of a beetle. [scarab]
8. The staff of Hermes, symbol of a physician or of the medical corps.
[caduceus]
9. A sword with a short curved blade, used by the Turks and Arabs.
[scimitar]
10. A Russian sled drawn by three horses. [troika]
11. A navigational instrument used in measuring altitudes.
[sextant]
12. A narrow strip of land by which two larger bodies of land are
connected. [isthmus]
A SIMPLE EXPERIMENT ON MEMORY
INSTRUCTIONS:
Read each of the words below at a slow and steady rate,
say, one word/sec.
DISTINGUISHED
FENCE
FRAGRANCE
FANTASY
TOWN
ROBIN
EVENING
ARMCHAIR
WOOL
ELEGANT
FABRIC
CRIMINAL
BEVERAGE
EXPENSIVE
BARRICADE
WHEEL
SUMMER
ALLIGATOR
MILKSHAKE
CINEMA
WEALTH
DRINK
Some of those words listed below are the same as those shown
on the previous list. Can you recognize any? Write down which
words you recognize.
SPRING
FINCH
ODOR
COTTON
POST
BEVERAGE
HAMBURGER
TIRE
FAMOUS
ALLIGATOR
IMPORTANT
SPARROW
ROCKING CHAIR
MAP
VILLAGE
RICH
CRIMINAL
SUMMER
GLOVES
SODA
SCARF
FILM
MOVIE
AROMA
ELEGANT
PERFUME
FENCE
DREAM
Some of those words listed below are the same as those shown on the
previous list. Can you recognize any? Write down which words you
recognize.
SPRING [SUMMER]
FINCH [ROBIN]
ODOR [FRAGRANCE]
COTTON [WOOL]
POST [FENCE]
BEVERAGE
HAMBURGER
TIRE [WHEEL]
FAMOUS [DISTINGUISHED]
ALLIGATOR
IMPORTANT[DISTINGUISHED] SPARROW [ROBIN]
ROCKING CHAIR [ARMCHAIR] MAP
VILLAGE
RICH
CRIMINAL
SUMMER
GLOVES
SODA [BEVERAGE]
FILM [CINEMA]
MOVIE [CINEMA]
ELEGANT
DREAM
SCARF
AROMA [FRAGRANCE]
PERFUME [FRAGRANCE]
FENCE
MEMORY SPAN
9 2 5
G M N
8 6 4 2
S L R R
3 7 6 5 4
V O E P G
6 2 7 4 1 8
X W D X Q O
0 4 0 1 4 7 3
E P H H J A E
1 9 2 2 3 5 3 0
Z D O F W D S V
4 8 6 8 5 4 3 3 2
Q
D T Y N R H E H
2 5 3 1 9 7 1 7 6 8
K H W D A G R O F Z
8 5 1 2 9 6 1 9 4 5 0
U D F F W H D Q D G E
9 1 8 5 4 6 9 4 2 9 3 7
Q M R H X Z D R P P E H
62 7 4 1 8
25 3 1 9 7 1 7 6 8
1 8 5 4 6 9 4 2 9 3 7
S L R R
K H W D A G R O
F Z
Q M R H X Z D R P P
E H
CAT BOAT RUG
CLOTHES CHOOSE GIFT
DRIVE BOOK TREE HAIR
THIS
LOG DAY TIME CHESS LAKE
CUT BIRD SHEET YOUR SEE
STREET WHEEL
Basic Memory Processes
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
(Code and put into
memory)
(Maintain in
memory)
(Recover from
memory)
COMPUTER VS. HUMAN MEMORY
COMPUTER
PERMANENT
X
PERFECT
X
HUMAN
PARTIAL
X
VARIES WITH TIME
X
LOCALIZED
UNLIMITED CAPACITY
INFLUENCED BY MEANING
X
X
X
Chinese Room Problem
Chinese text
Chinese text
Man in room full of
Chinese-English
translation books. Man
knows no Chinese.
Man in room is a fluent
Chinese-English
interpreter
English text
English text
Do both men know Chinese?
Three Types of Memory
• Iconic (Sensory) Memory: 100-300 msec.
• Short Term (Working) Memory: 1-30 sec.
• Long Term Memory: > 2 min.
INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL OF
MEMORY
A
4
Q
I
B
9
6
Z
4
N
7
L
TEST FOR ICONIC MEMORY
Examples of Chunking
• SOHCATOA
• ROYGBIV
• 4916253649689
• 1433426086125
• HNEWTXFDVKPLPRQJBDRG
• FBICIADVDNHLUSAKFCNBC
Remember This Position
Serial Position Curve
Contribution of Rehearsal to Serial
Position Effect
Effect of Rate Presentation
on Serial Position Effect
Manipulating the Recency Effect
“Maintenance” Rehearsal does not lead to better recall
Different Levels of Processing in
Working Memory
“Shallow”
Are these words in the same typeface?
“HOUSE-trick”
“Medium”
Do these words rhyme?
“BALL-TALL”
“Deep”
Are these words synonyms?
“CAR-AUTOMOBILE”
Which is the Real Penny?
Maintenance Rehearsal
–
–
–
–
sheer repetition
mechanical
no attention to meaning
little effort
Elaborative rehearsal
– focus on meaning
– relations between items
– organization
Long Term Forgetting
Massed vs. Distributed Practice
Retroactive Interference
Experimental Group:
Original
learning:
Interpolated Test:
learning:
Task A
Task B
Task A
Rest
Task A
Control Group:
Task A
Proactive Interference
Experimental Group:
Prior learning:
Task B
Learning:
Test:
Task A
Task A
Task A
Task A
Control Group:
None
Effect of Learning Prior Lists on Learning
a New List (Proactive Interference)
APPROXIMATIONS TO ENGLISH
(MILLER & SELFRIDGE)
Zero order (random selection from dictionary): Betwixt trumpeter
pebbly complication tipple careen obscure attractive
consequence expedition gene unpublished prominence chest
sweetly basin photographer ungrateful
First order (dictionary selection weighted by relative frequencies of
words): Tea realizing most so the together home and for were
wanted to concert I posted he her it the walked
Second order (Successive people given one word): Sun was nice
dormitory is I like chocolate cake but I think that book is he
wants to school there
APPROXIMATIONS TO ENGLISH -2
(MILLER & SELFRIDGE)
Third order (Successive people given two words): Family was large dark
animal came roaring down the middle of my friends love books
passionately vary kiss is fine
Fourth order (Successive people given three words): Went to the movies
with a man I used to go toward Harvard Square in Cambridge is mad fun
for
Fifth order (Successive people given four words): Road in the country was
insane especially in dreary rooms where they have some books to buy for
studying Greek
Seventh order (Successive people given six words): Easy if you know you to
crochet you can make a simple scarf if they knew the color that it
Prose text: More attention has been paid to diet but mostly in relation to
disease and to the growth of young children
COLEMAN EXPERIMENT
First subject (original passage):
“about war good-looking way and treating made of that a him the
quiet youngster nice he manners a them girls wild go with”
16th subject:
“he was a youngster nice quiet with manners good-looking and a
way of treating them that made the girls go wild about him”
TYPES OF MEMORY
Sensory
Memory
Short-term
(Secondary,
Working)
Long-term
(Primary)
Declarative
(knowing what)
Procedural
(knowing how)
Generic
Episodic
Semantic
Generic non-verbal
Temporal Cortex
Two Types of Amnesia
Split Brain
Effect of Activity on Memory
William James on
Primary Memory (STM)
it was never lost; its date was never cut off in
consciousness from that of the immediately present
moment. In fact, it comes to us as belonging to the
rearward portion of the present space of time, and
not to the genuine past (p. 646).
James, W. (1890). Principles of psychology. New York: Holt.
William James on
Secondary Memory (LTM)
…the knowledge of a former state of mind after it has
already once dropped from consciousness; or rather
it is the knowledge of an event, or fact, of which we
have not been thinking, with the additional
consciousness that we have thought or experienced
it before (p. 648).
James, W. (1890). Principles of psychology. New York: Holt.
Three Types of Memory
• Iconic (Sensory) Memory: 100-300 msec.
• Short Term (Working) Memory: 1-30 sec.
• Long Term Memory: > 2 min.
Proactive Interference from
Previously Learned Lists