Transcript Chapter 05: Memory PowerPoint

Chapter 5:
Memory
Slides prepared by
Randall E. Osborne, Texas State University-San Marcos,
adapted by Dr Mark Forshaw, Staffordshire University, UK
1
The Structure and Processes of
Memory
• Memory
• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval
2
Memory Structure
• Memory storage
• Sensory memory store
– iconic memory
– echoic memory
• Short-term (working) memory
• Long-term storage
3
Short-term Memory
• Short-term
(working) memory
• Rehearsal
• Chunking (normal
limit of seven
chunks)
• Working memory
(active)
4
Long-term Memory
• Long-term memory
store
• Anterograde
amnesia (no
memory forward)
• Retrograde
amnesia (no
memories
backward)
• Hippocampus
5
Remembering through
Encoding: Transferring
Perceptions into Memories
6
Encoding
• Memory is not a
recording device
• Elaborative
encoding
• Levels of
processing
– semantic judgments
– rhyme judgments
– visual judgments
7
Visual Imagery Encoding
• Visual imagery
• Simonides
– Greek poet
perfected visual
imagery encoding
8
Orgnizational Encoding
• Organizational
encoding
– noticing
relationships
– creating categories
– conceptual groups
9
Storage: Maintaining Memories
over Time
10
Memories in the Brain
• NMDA receptor
– flow of information from one
neuron to another
• NMDA receptors become
activated:
– “sending” neuron releases
glutamate
– “receiving” neuron excited
• Long-term potentiation
(LTP) results
– enhanced neural processing
11
Retrieval: Bringing Memories to
Mind
12
Retrieval Cues
• Retrieval cues - reinstating the past
• Encoding specificity principle
– Cues work best when they re-create the conditions in
which the information was first encoded
• State-dependent retrieval
– Recalling information learned when drunk is easier when
drunk again
• Transfer-appropriate processing
• Trying to recall (frontal lobes) and actually recalling
(hippocampus) are different
13
Multiple Forms of Memory
• Implicit memory
• Explicit memory
• Procedural
memory
• Semantic memory
• Episodic memory
• Priming
14
Multiple Forms of Memory
• Priming
– hippocampal region less active than
other forms of memory
– frontal and occipital lobes active
during initial exposure (priming) but
less active on second exposure
– priming potentially “saves”
processing time
15
Multiple Forms of Memory
• Semantic memory
• Episodic memory
– mental time travel
• Do animals have episodic memory?
16
Forgetting
17
Forgetting
• Transience
– forgetting with the
passage of time
• Hermann
Ebbinghaus
– nonsense syllables
• Retroactive
interference
• Proactive
interference
18
Forgetting
• Blocking
• Tip-of-thetongue
experience
– More likely
as we age
19
Answers
• 1. Vendetta, 2. Amulet, 3. Obsidian, 4. Cartographer,
5. Cuckold, 6. Scarab, 7. Caduceus, 8. Riga, 9.
Hospice, 10. Anachronism
20
Forgetting
• Absentmindedness
– lapse in attention that results in memory failure
• Prospective memory
– Remembering to do things in the future
• Amnesia
– Retrograde and anterograde
• Ageing and Memory
– Few of us remember early childhood well
– As we age, processing speeds and efficiencies
decline
21
Metamemory
• Knowing what you know and feeling of
knowing
• Misattributions
• Suggestibility
• Intrusion Errors
• Persistence
22
Forgetting
• Memory misattribution
– primary cause of eyewitness misidentifications
– Explains déjà vu
• Source monitoring
– Internal, external or reality based: checking on
yourself
• False recognition
– can be reduced with distinctive information
23
Forgetting
• Bias
• Consistency bias
• Change bias
– exaggerate difference in how we feel now versus
then
• Egocentric bias
– self-enhancing
24
Forgetting
• Suggestibility
– Inserting external information into one’s own
memories
– No easy way of knowing how many of our
‘personal’ memories have been ‘tainted’ this way
• Elizabeth Loftus
– misleading details: leading questions, e.g. the
barn in the video of a sports car
– Fabricating entire episodes: ‘remembering’ being
lost in a shopping centre that never happened
25
Persistence: Failing to Forget
• Persistence
– Intrusive memories of things we wish we could
forget
• Flashbulb memories
– vivid both visually and emotionally
– Occurs in Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Role of amygdala
26
Memory Failures: Schacter’s
Seven Sins of Memory
27
Seven Sins of Memory
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Transience
Absentmindedness
Blocking
Memory misattribution
Suggestibility
Bias
Persistence
28
Seven Sins of Memory
29