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types of long term memory
explicit memory
consciously recalled
semantic memory
general knowledge
vs.
episodic memory
autobiographical events
9/11
ABCs
types of long term memory
implicit memory
not consciously recalled
priming
previous experience influences behavior
procedural memory
motor skills
memory
short term
• limited capacity
long term
• “unlimited capacity”
• “relatively permanent”
memory storage
hippocampus vs. cortex
biology of memory
Hebb theorized that enduring changes in the efficiency
of synaptic transmission were the basis of long term
memory.
“Neurons that fire together,
wire together.”
A weak synapse & strong synapse converge on one
neuron. If “simultaneously” stimulated, the weak
synapse becomes strengthened.
increase in # of receptors
LTP
LTP
increase in # of synapses & spines
LTP
GLUTAMATE
AMPA: ordinary receptor
(after glutamate binds, it
opens sodium channels)
NMDA: special receptor
(depolarization required to
unblock Mg for sodium &
calcium entry)
Calcium begins chain of events resulting in LTP.
anterograde amnesia
- “stuck in time”
- when attention shifts/distracted, info is lost forever
- mild vs. severe
no new memories
brain injury
TIME
retrograde amnesia
- can’t recall previously formed memories
- diff between mild vs severe
memories lost
brain injury
TIME
dementia
memory impairment
(anterograde or retrograde)
1+ cognitive deficits:
- language
- motor activity
- recognition of objects
- executive functions
alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease is only ONE type of dementia
neuropsych testing
confabulation to explain lapses
normal aging forgetfulness vs. AD
compare & contrast for:
• memory retrieval speed
• severity
• insight
• progression of severity
• impairment of function
Alzheimer’s disease
Types
- Early onset: ≤ 65 yrs old
(runs in families)
- Late onset: >65 yrs old
(most common)
Alzheimer’s disease
For both early & late onset, abnormal accumulation of
operational proteins:
beta amyloid (plaques)
between cells
tau (tangles)
inside cells
brain differences
normal
Alzheimer’s
Alzheimer’s disease
mild
•
Repeating same
questions/statements
•
Can’t follow conversation (confusion)
•
Can’t complete ordinary tasks
(recipes)
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Concrete thinking (can’t
abstract/jokes)
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Uses fewer words to communicate
moderate
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Forget to turn off appliances or take
meds
Can’t do tasks re planning or calculating
(e.g. checkbook balancing, grocery
shop)
Withdrawal or outbursts of aggressiveness
severe
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Little or no memory
Can’t recognize others or self
Needs assistance for self-care
Frequent incontinence
Sleep disorders
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Misplacing objects
Disorientation of time & place
Sudden mood or behavior change
Indifferent to normal courtesies or
personal appearance
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Inappropriate behavior in public
Compulsions (sex, eating, etc)
Sleep disorders
Hallucinations, delusions, paranoia
Doesn’t make sense speaking
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Weakness & frequent infections
Hard time chewing, swallowing
Loss of speech
Withdrawn & unresponsive
Immune system - pneumonia
Blood vessel tau - brain hemorhag
allows aluminum
Alzheimer’s disease
• runs 2 - 20 yrs (avg= 8 yrs)
• 5% in 65 - 74 yr olds
• 50% in 80+ yr olds
Alzheimer’s disease
Treatment
• acetylcholine (for mild AD)
• memantine (for severe AD)
• risk vs. protective factors?