Transcript Cognition: Unit 7A*Memory

COGNITION:
UNIT 7A—MEMORY
Seven Dwarfs
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Grouchy
Gabby
Fearful
Sleepy
Smiley
Jumpy
Hopeful
Shy
Droopy
Bashful
Cheerful
Teach
Wheezy
Stubby
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Dopey
Snify
Wishful
Puffy
Dumpy
Sneezy
Lazy
Pop
Grumpy
Shorty
Nifty
Happy
Doc
Do Now:
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Describe what it might be like to have no memory?
Who would you be? How would your identity be
affected?
Complete Handout 7A-2 in your packet. Try to think
of at least 5 self-defining memories.
Share in small groups
Relevant film to watch in your spare time: Eternal
Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
Exercise: 7 Dwarfs
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Without any resources, name them.
Consider & Discuss
 Difficulty
of the task
 Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (incomplete retrieval)
 Organization of memory by sound, letter and meaning
 Recall versus recognition
Memory: Learning that persists over
time
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Baddeley Memory Experiment: Windows & Words
Eyewitness Memory
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View the video 60 Minutes: Eyewitness.
Discuss what this suggests about memory and
eyewitness testimony.
Do now: Did the Eyewitness video impact your sense
of your own memory? If so, how?
Recall List Experiment
Instructions:
Get Comfortable
 Close your eyes
 Follow the instructions
Key terms:
 Primacy effect
 Recency effect
 Repetition
 Novel Stimuli
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The list of Words:
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Rest
Bed
Night
Quilt
Quiet
Artichoke
Toss
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Night
Turn
Relax
Dark
Moon
Dream
Key Terms & People
How memory works:
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Encoding
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Storage
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Retrieval
Memory Formation: A Model by Atkinson & Shiffrin
 Sensory Memory
 Short-term memory
 Long-term memory
 Working memory
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Exercise: Can you recite the second sentence of the Pledge of Allegiance?
Easy mistake: Short-term memory only lasts a minute or so. Stuff we
remember for days or weeks is in our working memory
Automatic vs. Effortful
Do Now: What does the book say about the effectiveness of
cramming for tests? What are at least three good ways to get
the most out of studying?
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Parallel processing – processing many aspects at once
 Automatic processing – unconscious encoding of time, space,
frequency and well-learned info (let’s talk about those)
 Effortful processing
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Rehearsal
Spacing effect
Ebbinghaus: “The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.”
Serial Position effect
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Primacy effect
Recency effect
Tools
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Mnemonics: What examples do you have that
you’ve used?
Chunking: Do you use this? How?
SERIAL POSITION EFFECT
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CHICKEN
BUILD
FINGER
LISTEN
ZIPPER
THUNDER
WORDS
KNIFE
FENCE
DINNER
ADAPT
ROAD
DETEST
PHONE
Did you remember ______?
A. Yes
B. No
CHICKEN
KNIFE
BUILD
FENCE
FINGER
DINNER
LISTEN
ADAPT
ZIPPER
ROAD
THUNDER
DETEST
WORDS
PHONE
More Terms
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Visual encoding
Acoustic encoding
Semantic encoding
Imagery
Mnemonics
Chunking
Iconic memory
Echoic memory
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Long-term
potentiation (LTP)
Flashbulb memory
Amnesia
Implicit memory
Explicit memory
Which is more
important? Your
experiences or your
memories of them?
MNEMONICS PRACTICE
Eggplant
Shampoo
Mushrooms
Hamburger
Chicken
Carrots
Broccoli
Cheese
Cereal
Apples
Eggs
Diapers
Pizza
Dogfood
Soda pop
Potato Chips
Eggplant
Shampoo
How many did you remember?
Mushrooms
Hamburger
A. 16
Chicken
Carrots
B. 15
Broccoli
Cheese
Cheerios
Apples
Eggs
Diapers
Pizza
Dogfood
Dr. Pepper
Potato Chips
C. 14
D. 13
E. Less than 13
Beer
Baked Beans
Tortillas
Peas
Grapefruit
Batteries
Cauliflower
Yogurt
French Fries
Bagels
Orange Juice
Cinnamon
Donuts
Ice Cream
Porkchops
Toothpaste
Beer
Baked Beans
How many did you remember?
Tortillas
Peas
A. 16
Grapefruit
Batteries
B. 15
Cauliflower
Yogurt
French Fries
Bagels
Orange Juice
Cinnamon
Donuts
Ice Cream
Porkchops
Toothpaste
C. 14
D. 13
E. Less than 13
1 – Bun
2 – Shoe
3 – Tree
4 – Door
5 – Hive
6 – Sticks
7 – Heaven
8 – Gate
9 – Wine
10 – Hen
Milk
Jelly
Hotdogs
Celery
Watermelon
Apples
Tea
Oatmeal
Lettuce
Macaroni
1 – Bun
2 – Shoe
3 – Tree
4 – Door
5 – Hive
6 – Sticks
7 – Heaven
8 – Gate
9 – Wine
10 – Hen
Milk
Jelly
Hotdogs
Celery
Watermelon
Apples
Tea
Oatmeal
Lettuce
Macaroni
How many did you remember?
A. 10
B. 9
C. 8
D. 7
E. Less than 7
1 – Bun
2 – Shoe
3 – Tree
4 – Door
5 – Hive
6 – Sticks
7 – Heaven
8 – Gate
9 – Wine
10 – Hen
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
1 – Bun
2 – Shoe
3 – Tree
4 – Door
5 – Hive
6 – Sticks
7 – Heaven
8 – Gate
9 – Wine
10 – Hen
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Which mnemonic technique did you like the best?
A. Loci
B. Linking
C. Pegwords
Some looks at crazy memory stuff
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http://www.komonews.com/sports/heroes/TinySeahawks-fan-has-encyclopedic-knowledge-of-theteam-226058821.html
Videos from Passport
Wednesday: Psych Sims in Computer Lab
Brain Games: Remember This
Key people
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Richard Atkinson
Alan Baddeley
Fergus Craik
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Eric Kandel
Jeffrey Karpicke
Karl Lashley
Elizabeth Loftus
H.M. (Henry Molaison)
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Rajan Mahadevan
George Miller
Hendry Roediger
Oliver Sacks
Daniel Schacter
James Schwartz
Richard Shiffrin
George Sperling
Endel Tulving
More key terms…
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Hippocampus
Recall
Recognition
Relearning
Priming
Déjà vu
Mood congruent
memory
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Forgetting
 Proactive
interference
 Retroactive
interference
 Repression
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Memory Construction:
 Misinformation
effect
 Source amnesia
Do Now…
Answer the following questions:
1.
A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in
total. The bat costs $1 more
than the ball. How much does
the ball cost?
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A hunter sees a bear 1 mile
due south. He shoots, misses,
and the bear runs off. The
hunter walks the 1mile south to
where the bear had been, then
1 mile due east, then 1 mile
due north—at which point the
hunter is standing again at
exactly the same spot from
which the gun had been fired.
Question: “What color was the
bear?”
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Answers:
$1.05 for the bat and .05 for the
ball (Intiution says $1 for the bat
and .10 for the ball.
(Demonstrations intuitive failure)
If necessary, provide the
additional question,“Where on
the globe is the hunter? Where
can one go, successively, 1 mile
due south, then 1 mile due east,
then 1 mile due north, and end
up at the same place one started
from?” Only the North Pole
satisfies this requirement. The
bear is a polar bear and thus
white. (Breaking mental set)
Unit 7B – Thinking, problem solving,
creativity & Language
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Cognition
Concept
Prototype
Algorithm
Heuristic
Insight
Creativity
Confirmation bias
Fixation
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Mental set
Functional fixedness
Representativeness
heuristic
Availability heuristic
Overconfidence
Belief perseverance
Intuition
Framing
Unit 7B – Key People
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Noam Chomsky
Daniel Kahneman
Wolfgang Kohler
Wallace Lambert
Steven Pinker
Dean Keith Simonton
B.F. Skinner
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Robert Sternberg
Shelley Taylor
Amos Tversky
Peter Wason
Benjamin Lee Whorf
Mental Set Puzzles: Test Yourself
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52 C in a D
12 S of the Z
90 D in a R A
88 K on a P
18 H on a G C
24 H in a D
7 W of the W
52 W in a Y
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Escaping Functional
Fixedness Exercise:
Groups of 4 (two sets
of study buddies)
Paper clip
Bottle cap
Popsicle stick
Chewing gum
Quick Quiz: Record your answers
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How many deaths were there
in the US in 2006 due to
firearms?
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A. > 100,000
B. 80,001 - 100,000
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In the U.S., between 1997 and
2002, “2335 children… died in
alcohol-related [automobile]
crashes.” What percentage were
riding in the same vehicle with
the drinking/drunk driver?
C. 60,001 - 80,000
A. > 79%
D. 40,001 - 60,000
B. 60% - 79%
E. < 40,000
C. 40% - 59%
D. 20% - 39%
What percentages were:
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Homicide
Suicide
Accidents
E. < 20%
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In what percent of felony cases
does the defendant enter an
insanity plea?
Answers
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E: Less than 40,000 (30, 896)
 Homicides
41%
 Suicides: 55%
 Accidents 4%
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B 60-79% (68% mostly unrestrained)
Fewer than 1%
This quiz demonstrates the availability heuristic.
What we hear most about is what we believe to be
true.
Instructions:
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The class will be divided in half as directed
Group A will look at the next slide while Group B
puts their heads down and closes their eyes (no
peeking, no sleeping!) Record your answer.
Group B will look at the next slide while Group A
puts their head down and closes their eyes (ditto
above). Record your answer.
Discuss results.
Which would you choose?
Imagine that you are on the jury of an only-child sole
custody case following a relatively messy divorce. The
facts of the case are complicated by ambiguous
economic, social, and emotional considerations, and you
decide to base your decision entirely on the following
few observations.
To which parent would you award sole custody of the child?
 Parent A, who has an average income, average health,
average working hours, a reasonable rapport with the child,
and a relatively stable social life, OR
 Parent B, who has an above-average income, minor health
problems, lots of work-related travel, a very close relationship
with the child, and an extremely active social life
Which would you choose?
Imagine that you are on the jury of an only-child sole
custody case following a relatively messy divorce. The
facts of the case are complicated by ambiguous
economic, social, and emotional considerations, and you
decide to base your decision entirely on the following
few observations.
To which parent would you deny sole custody of the child?
 Parent A, who has an average income, average health,
average working hours, a reasonable rapport with the child,
and a relatively stable social life, OR
 Parent B, who has an above-average income, minor health
problems, lots of work-related travel, a very close relationship
with the child, and an extremely active social life
The only difference:
Imagine that you serve on the jury of an only-child sole custody case following
a relatively messy divorce. The facts of the case are complicated by
ambiguous economic, social, and emotional considerations, and you decide
to base your decision entirely on the following few observations.
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To which parent would you award sole custody of the child?
To which parent would you deny sole custody of the child?
Parent A, who has an average income, average health, average working hours,
a reasonable rapport with the child, and a relatively stable social life, OR
Parent B, who has an above-average income, minor health problems, lots of
work-related travel, a very close relationship with the child, and an
extremely active social life.
Confirmation Bias:
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Whether asked to award or deny, we look for
information to support those positions.
Parent B has both more positive and more negative
qualities than Parent A, but…
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tend to look for the positive in the ‘award’ condition
 We tend to look for the negative in the ‘deny’
condition.
Do now…
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Listen to the article about the Piraha
What do you think would be:
 The
greatest advantage of their system
 The greatest disadvantage of their system
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Other thoughts?
Review:
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People with amnesia can still learn some things.
Damage to the hippocampus:
 Left-side
= difficulty with verbal information
 Right-side = difficulty with visual designs and locations
 Hippocampus is active during slow-wave sleep, storing
memories
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The memories migrate elsewhere
Cerebellum plays a role in storing implicit memories
Infantile amnesia—little explicit memory before
age 3
More review:
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Retrieval cues – bits of information we use to call
memories back.
Priming – words, sounds, images that activate concepts,
even when we aren’t aware
Déjà vu: Could be when a situation is loaded with
retrieval cues OR the event is moderately similar to one
we have stored OR a hiccup in dual-processing function
State-dependent memory: Learn it drunk, remember it
drunk
Mood-congruent memory: Remember better when in the
same mood
How memory fails (7 sins)
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Forgetting:
 Absent-mindedness:
inattention = encoding failure
 Transience: storage decay over time when unused
 Blocking: can’t access information
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Distortion:
 Misattribution:
misremembering where we learned it
 Suggestibility: (Leading a witness; false memory)
 Bias: belief-colored recollections
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Persistence: unwanted memories
Interference
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These can be confusing:
Proactive Interference: Something we already
learned interferes with learning something new.
Prior learning disrupts encoding new info.
Retroactive interference: New information makes it
harder to recall earlier information.
Positive transfer: When old information helps us
learn new information
Review the section on false memories and repressed
memories
Improving Memory
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SQ3R
Study repeatedly
Use the spacing effect
Rehearse, rehearse, rehearse
Study actively with notes and reflection
Make material meaningful
Use retrieval cues
Use mnemonic devices
Sleep more
Test yourself
5 components of creativity (Sternberg)
Expertise: Having a knowledge base
 Imaginative thinking skills (novel ways)
 A venturesome personality
 Intrinsic motivation
 Creative environment
Note: It’s almost impossible to be creative if we are
filling our space with noise and activity all the time.
The mind needs to be still and free to roam
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Language
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Language
Phoneme
Morpheme
Grammar
Semantics
Syntax
Linguistic determinism
(Whorf)
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http://www.ted.com/t
alks/patricia_kuhl_the
_linguistic_genius_of_b
abies.html?utm_source
=newsletter_weekly_2
011-0216&utm_campaign=ne
wsletter_weekly&utm_
medium=email
Language Development
Receptive language
 Productive language
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Babbling
stage
One-word stage
Two-word stage
Telegraphic speech
Language Development
When Do We Learn Language?
Language Development
When Do We Learn Language?
Language Development
When Do We Learn Language?
Language Development
When Do We Learn Language?
Language Development
When Do We Learn Language?
Language Development
When Do We Learn Language?
Explaining Language Development
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Skinner: Operant Learning
Learning
principles
Association
Imitation
Reinforcement
Explaining Language Development
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Chomsky: Inborn Universal
Grammar
 Language
acquisition device
 Universal grammar (building blocks
of nouns and verbs in all
languages)
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Whorf: Linguistic determinism.
Language determines the way we
think.
Encoding: A Special Preprimer
Wolfgang Kohler
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Psychologist
Demonstrated that Sultan, a chimpanzee, experience sudden
flashes of insight (aha! moments) in an experiment with use of
short and long sticks to reach fruit that was beyond their reach
Noam Chomsky
Linguist
 One of the most cited persons in academia
 Believes language development is more than just learned behavior
 Believes people are born with a language acquisition device and a
kind of universal grammar
 Sidenote: He is also a political activist who has written several
books
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Robert Sternberg
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Noted for five components of creativity:
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Expertise (a well-developed base of knowledge)
Imaginative thinking skills
An adventuresome personality
Intrinsic motivation
A creative environment
Kahneman & Tversky
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Cognitive psychologists noted for their work with:
Representativeness heuristic (judging the likelihood of things in
terms of how well they seem to represent or match prototypes
(and stereotypes), which may lead us to ignore other relevant
information,
Availability heuristic (estimating the likelihood of events based on
their availability in memory, leading to the assumption that such
events are common)
Awarded a 2002 Nobel Prize for their work on decision making
Babbling Stage
= beginning at about 4 months, the stage of
speech development in which the infant
spontaneously utters various sounds at first
unrelated to the household language.
One-word Stage
= the stage in speech development, from about
age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly
in single words.
Two-word Stage
= beginning about age 2, the stage in speech
development during which a child speaks
mostly two-word statements.
Telegraphic Speech
= early speech state in which a child speaks like
a telegram – “go car” – using mostly nouns
and verbs.