Transcript Mineral Formation and Using Mineral Resources

6.E.2.1 Summarize the structure of the earth,
including the layers, the mantle and
core based on the relative position,
composition and density.
• A geode is a rounded, hollow rock that is often
lined with mineral crystals. Crystals form inside a
geode when water containing dissolved minerals
seep into a crack or hollow in a rock. Slowly,
crystallization occurs, lining the inside with large
crystals that are often perfectly formed.
• Crystallization is the process by which
atoms are arranged to form a material with
a crystal structure.
Minerals From Magma and Lava
• Many minerals form from magma and
lava. Minerals form as hot magma cools
inside the crust, or as lava hardness on
the surface. When these liquids cool to a
solid state, they form crystals. The size of
the crystals depends on several factors.
* the rate at which the magma cools
* the amount of gas the magma contains
* the chemical composition of the magma
Minerals From Solutions
• Sometimes the elements and compounds
that form minerals can be dissolved in
water to form solutions. A solution is a
mixture in which one substance is
dissolved in another. When elements and
compounds that are dissolved in water
leave a solution, crystallization occurs.
Minerals can form in this way underground
and in bodies of water on Earth’s surface.
Minerals Formed by Evaporation
• Some materials form when solutions
evaporate. If you stir salt crystals into a
beaker of water, the salt dissolves, forming
a solution. But if you allow the water in the
solution to evaporate, it will leave salt
crystals on the bottom of the beaker.
• Halite, gypsum, and calcite are a few
minerals that form by evaporation.
Minerals From Hot Water
Solutions
• Deep underground, magma can heat
water to a high temperature. When the
water solution begins to cool, the elements
and compounds leave the solution and
crystallize as minerals.
Where Minerals Form
• Minerals form on the surface through evaporation of
solutions containing dissolved minerals. Minerals can
form beneath the surface when dissolved elements and
compounds leave hot water solution or when magma
cools and hardens.
Using Mineral Resources
• You are surrounded by materials that
come from minerals, such as the metal
body and window glass of a car. Minerals
are the source of gemstones, metals,
and a variety of materials used to make
many products.
Gemstones
• Usually, a gemstone is a hard, colorful
mineral that has a brilliant or glassy luster.
People value gemstones for their color,
luster, and durability, and for the fact that
they are rare. Once a gemstone is cut and
polished, it is called a gem. Gems are
used mainly for jewelry and decoration.
They are also used for mechanical parts
and for grinding and polishing.
Metals
• Some minerals are the sources of metals such
as aluminum, iron, copper, or silver. Metals are
generally not as hard as gemstones. But metals
are useful because they can be stretched into
wire, flattened into sheets, and hammered or
molded without breaking. Metal tools and
machinery, the metal filament in a light bulb,
aluminum foil, and the steel beams used to
frame office buildings all began as minerals
inside Earth’s crust.
Other Useful Minerals
• There are many other useful minerals besides
metals and gems. People use materials from
these minerals in foods, medicines, fertilizers,
and building materials. The very soft mineral talc
is ground up to make talcum powder. Clear
crystals of the mineral calcite are used in optical
instruments such as microscopes. Quartz, a
mineral found in sand, is used in making glass
as well as in electronic equipment and watches.
Gypsum, a soft, white mineral, is used to make
wallboard, cement, and stucco.
Questions
A __________ is a rounded, hollow rock
that is often lined with mineral crystals.
A. gemstone
B. geode
C. diamond
D. gem
_______________ is the process by which
atoms are arranged to form a material with
a crystal structure.
A. Dissolving
B. Evaporation
C. Precipitation
D. Crystallization
Once a gemstone is cut and polished, it is
called a
A. ore.
B. gold nugget.
C. gem.
D. All of the above.
The End!!!