Transcript China Earthquake: 12 May 2008. Long version

Just-in-Time Lecture
www.pitt.edu/~super/
China Earthquake:
12 May 2008
Mission Statement
The Global Disaster Health Network is
designed to translate the best possible
scholarly information to educators
worldwide.
Mission Statement
The Global Disaster Health Network
is designed to translate the best
possible scholarly information to
educators worldwide.
What are the Disaster Supercourse
& JIT lecture?
What is the Disaster Supercourse?
What is a JIT lecture?
http://www.pitt.edu/~super1
Lecture objectives
 To provide the best possible scientific
information about the China
earthquake, 12 May 2008
 To teach how the science can help
Chinese to be prepared for primary &
secondary prevention of consequences of
earthquake
Lecture Objectives
In this lecture you will find:
 How the vulnerability conditions can change
a natural hazard to a disaster?
What is the Earthquake?
The shaking of earth caused by waves
moving on and below the earth's surface and
causing: surface faulting, tremors vibration,
liquefaction, landslides, aftershocks and/or
tsunamis.
How Earthquake Happens?
 It caused by a sudden slip on a FAULT.
 Stresses in the earth's
outer layer push sides of
fault together.
 Stress builds up & rocks
slips suddenly, releasing
energy in waves that travel
through the earth's CRUST
& cause the shaking that we
Feel during an earthquake.
Earthquake Strength Measures
I) Magnitude & II) Intensity
I) Magnitude:
 Definition: A measure of actual physical energy
release at its source as estimated from
instrumental observations.
 Scale: Richter Scale
 By Charles Richter, 1936
 Open-ended scale
 The oldest & most widely used
Noji 1997
Earthquake Strength Measures
I) Magnitude & II) Intensity
II) Intensity:
 Definition: a measure of the felt or perceived effects
of an earthquake rather than the strength of the
earthquake itself.
 Scale: Modified Mercalli (MM) scale
 12-point scale, ranges from barely
perceptible earthquakes at MM I to
near total destruction at MM XII
Magnitude versus Intensity
 Magnitude refers to the force of the earthquake as
a whole, while intensity refers to the effects of an
earthquake at a particular site.
 An earthquake can have just one magnitude, while
intensity is usually strongest close to the epicenter
& is weaker the farther a site is from the epicenter.
 The intensity of an earthquake is more germane to
its public health consequences than its magnitude.
Public Health Consequences
of Earthquakes
Please see the following addresses for
above title:
Part I.
http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec13021/index.htm
Part II.
http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec13051/index.htm
Peoples Republic of China
• The most populous country
• 3rd largest country
– 23 provinces
– 5 autonomous regions
– 4 municipalities
– 2 special administrative regions (Hong Kong & Macau)
• 56 ethnic groups:
– 91.6% Han people
– 8.4% others
Economic Development in China
• World’s economic superpower
• Fastest-growing nation for the past 25 years
• Average annual GDP growth rate above 10%
www.Heritage.org
Health System Structure in China
Urban areas:
• Street clinics – primary health care
• District hospitals – secondary care
• City hospitals – tertiary care
Rural area:
• Village clinics – primary care
• Township hospitals – secondary care
• Country hospitals – tertiary care
China’s Health Statistics
Population
1,323,350,000
Gross national income per capita (PPP international $)
6,600
Life expectancy at birth m/f (years)
71/74
Healthy life expectancy at birth m/f (years, 2002)
63/65
Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $, 2004)
277
Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (2004)
4.7
Source: WHO
Natural Hazards in China
• Earthquake
• Drought
• Land subsidence
• Typhoon
• Flood
• Tsunami
10 Top Disaster in China
Sorted by Damage US$
Disaster
Date
Damage US$ (000's)
1
Flood
1-Jul-98
30,000,000
2
Drought
Jan-94
13,755,200
3
Flood
30-Jun-96
12,600,000
4
Flood
23-Jun-99
8,100,000
5
Flood
23-Jun-03
7,890,000
6
Flood
1-Jun-91
7,500,000
7
Flood
15-May-95
6,720,000
8
Flood
Aug-96
6,314,500
9
Flood
Jun-93
6,061,000
10
Earthquake
27-Jul-76
5,600,000
History of Deadly Earthquakes in China
Earthquake Center
Year
Death Toll
1
Shaanxi
1556
830,000
2
Tangshan
1976
255,000
3
Haiyuan
1920
240,000
4
Chihli
1290
100,000
5
Changma, Gansu
1932
70,000
6
Gulang, Gansu e
1927
40,000
7
Tonghai
1970
15,621
8
Sichuan Diexi
1933
6,800
9
Haicheng
1975
2,041
Source: Wikipedia
Sichuan Province
• Area 485,000 km²
• Population (2004) 87,250,000 (3rd)
• Density 180 /km² (22nd)
• Major nationalities
– Han
95.0%
– Yi
2.6%
– Tibetan 1.5%
– Qiang
0.4%
Economy of Sichuan Province
•
Heavy industries: Coal, energy, iron & steel
industry
•
Major producer of Rice & Wheat
•
Large output of Pork & Silkworm
•
> 132 kinds of underground mineral resources
West Sichuan Earthquake, 12th May 2008
• Magnitude: 7.9 Richter scale
• Local earthquake time: 14.48 Beijing-time
• Location: 30.986°N, 103.364°E
• Depth: 19 km (11.8 miles)
Tectonics of Sichuan Earthquake
• Motion on a northeast striking reverse fault or thrust
fault on the northwestern margin of the Sichuan
Basin
Sichuan Earthquake Aftershocks
• 4-5 Richter scale: 105 aftershocks
• > 5 Richter scale: 54 aftershocks
• Aftershocks caused:
– Death: 1
– Injured: 400
– Toppled houses: 70,000
Source: China Seismological Bureau
Harsh Response Situation
• Difficult access by land due to extensive damage to
physical infrastructure
• Constrained access by air due to heavy rains also
National Mourning
•
National
Mourning
Three-days period of national mourning
• The Chinese National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong
Kong SAR and Macau SAR were raised at half mast.
Yahoo news
Death Tolls & Casualties (as of 23
rd
May)
Affected population: 10.59 Millions and 5.2 Millions left homeless
Died in Hos pitals
3,451
Mis s ed
24,960
Hos pitalized
73,939
Death
62,664
Injured
292,481
0
50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000
Source: OCHA reports
Economical Losses
• Sichuan Property Toll May Top 190
Billion Yuan
• According to insurance experts: huge
property losses from the disaster but
modest insurance claims.
www.caijing.com.cn
Infrastructure Damage
1
Collapsed Buildings
5.36 Million $
2
Damaged Buildings
21 Million $
3
Pipes
4
Water tanks
5
Water treatment works
5,000 km
839
1,281
Agricultural Damage
• Irrigation systems for 100,000 hectares of
paddy fields
• > 50,000 greenhouses
• 7.3 million square meters of livestock barns
Relief web
Agricultural Damage
• Livelihoods of many of affected people is
highly dependent on agriculture
• Vulnerable to food insecurity
– Loss of cereal stocks
– Damaged agriculture production
– Impaired income generation
Building Damage
• Number of damaged/collapsed: >15,000,000
• Building earthquake resistant structures
makes good economic sense: 3-5% for typical
buildings
Giant Pandas
• Unknown situation of 280
giant pandas in Wolong
National Nature Reserve
www.iht.com
Damage to Schools Buildings
• 12% of dead were students
and their teachers
• Many Schools Collapsed
• Closed or locked Emergency
exits
Source: Reuters Foundation Date: 24 May 2008
2006-7 International Campaign on School Safety
• The world just passed a 2-years global campaign of Safe
Schools
• The 2006-7 Global campaign focused on promoting the
safety of school buildings & mainstreaming of disaster
risk reduction (DRR) into school curricula or at least
school activities.
• How are safe the schools in your community?
Public Health Priorities
According WHO:
1) Treating The Injured
2) Communicable Disease Surveillance & Control
3) Ensuring Safe Water And Food Supply
4) Immediate & Long-term Mental Health & Psychosocial Support
5) Reconstruction Of Health Care System In The Affected Areas
Urgent Needs
• > 3.3 million tents
• Garbage Treatment Facilities & Sewage Treatment Facilities
• Chemical proof protective clothing, Shoes and masks
• Radiation detector (X ray and Y ray survey meter, Personal
dosimeter)
• Medical Instruments like ECG, Operational Kits, etc
• Medication for infectious disease
Source: UNOCHA situation report NO 6, 7 & 8
Public Health Response (as of 21st May)
Disinfectants
• Deployment of public health
experts to the field, including
Acid-proof gloves
– TB experts
– Mental health &
Disposable
Psychosocial support
protective suits
personnel
Sprayers
Face Mask
OCHA Report
65 Tons
44,400 Pairs
50,000
6,000
100,000
Do not forget children in Sichuan!
• At least 5,498 children have been left alone in
Sichuan Province's quake zone, either because
they have been orphaned or their parents
cannot be located
Do not forget elderly in Sichuan!
• About 4,800 elderly people left alone due to
death of their family or they have been
separated from all their relatives
Secondary hazards: Possible damage to nuclear facilities &
radioactive sources
• 32 radioactive sources in affected area
• MEP Officials:
– Safely shut down of all nuclear facilities after the quake
– No leakage of radioactive substance
• Health system responsibility:
– Proactive approach to health consequences of radioactive
exposure
– Collaborate with MEP to make ensure of no radioactive leakage
Secondary hazards: Possible dam failure
• 30 cm movement of China's largest earth-rock
dam due to earthquake
• 400 damaged dams with possible threat to
downstream people
Secondary hazards: Derail & fired train
• Carrying gasoline
• 26 hours lasting fire
• Evacuation of 900 residents due to fears of tank cars
explosion
Lake Formation & Flood Threat
• Creating natural dams by moved down rocks
into rivers
• Formation of 21 lakes throughout the basin
Dangers due to earthquake-created dams:
– Upstream floods
– Instability of the piles of rubble
– Bursting the dam by another quake
– Downstream floods by cascade of water
– Evacuation of thousands of people from
Beichuan
30 years continuous evolution in the
practice of Crisis or Disaster Management
 Civil defense
 Emergency assistance
 Disaster response and relief
Strategic shift
from managing
a disastrous
 Humanitarian assistance
event to more
 Emergency management
preventive and
 Civil protection
 Disaster mitigation and prevention
 Disaster Risk Management
proactive
approaches!!
What is Disaster risk reduction
(disaster reduction or DRR)?
• The conceptual framework of elements considered
with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and
disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid
(prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness)
the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad
context of sustainable development !
What is the Hazard?
• A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon
or human activity that may cause the loss of life or
injury, property damage, social and economic
disruption or environmental degradation.
Natural
Hyman Induced
Geological
China Earthquake
Hydro meteorological
Flood, Hurricane
Biological
Pandemic
Environmental degradation
Deforestation
Technological
Nuclear release
What is the Vulnerability?
• The conditions determined by physical, social,
economic, and environmental factors or processes,
which increase the susceptibility of a community to the
impact of hazards.
• Vulnerable Sichuan:
o Unprepared people
o Non-resistant house & school building
o High-density population
o etc.
What is Risk?
• The probability of harmful consequences, or expected
losses (deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods,
economic activity disrupted or environment damaged)
resulting from interactions between natural or
human-induced hazards & vulnerable conditions.
• Risk = Hazards x Vulnerability
What is a Disaster ?
• A serious disruption of the functioning of a community
or a society causing widespread human, material,
economic or environmental losses which exceed the
ability of the affected community or society to cope
using its own resources.
What is a Disaster?
• A disaster is a function of the risk process.
• It results from the combination of hazards,
conditions of vulnerability and insufficient capacity
or measures to reduce the potential negative
consequences of risk.
Sichuan earthquake: Risk model
• Maybe Sichuan was not able to modify the
hazard part of the earthquake risk model, and
predict it precisely, BUT they could assess their
vulnerability conditions and reduced them!
• This has been the same experience in Bam &
Kashmir, Yogyakarta !
Just-in-Time Education
Let’s teach the communities right now !
Risk awareness & Knowledge development
including education, training, research and
information are of the important fields of
action for Disaster Risk Reduction!
Information ….
 People need information as much as
water, food, medicine or shelter.
 Information can save lives, livelihoods &
resources.
 Lack of information can make
people victims of disaster.
World Disaster Report 2005 – IFRC/RCS
What we should do/do not before,
during & after the earthquake?
Please read carefully at:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/prepare.html
Main Lesson Learned
So, an earthquake measuring 7.9 on the
Richter scale is a big earthquake, but not
necessarily equal to a disaster. It is just
movement of the earth crust. Our
vulnerability has changed it to a disaster!!
References
We wish to express our warm thanks
to GDHNet faculties and all groups
that contributed their valuable
materials.