Transcript 4 characteristics - Warren County Schools

Mineral Vocabulary
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Luster
Mohs hardness scale
Mineralogist
Streak
Fluorescence
Density
Refraction
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Cleavage
Inorganic
Mineral
Silicate mineral
Non-silicate mineral
Crystal
Hardness
Rock forming mineral
Minerals (Chpt.5)
• Identify the 4 characteristics used to
classify some rocks as minerals?
What is a Mineral?
• Basic materials of the Earth’s crust
• Natural, inorganic, crystalline solid.
– Inorganic – not made up of living things or the
remains of living things. (non living, doesn’t
contain carbon)
– Organic – substances come from plant and
animal sources (living)
4 Basic Characteristics of Minerals
1. Composed of inorganic substances.
2. Must occur naturally
3. Must be solid in crystalline form, all
minerals have a characteristic structure.
4. Definite chemical composition.
– Arranged in a definite pattern, repeated over
and over.
Mineral statistics
• More than 4,000 known minerals
• 8 elements make up 98.5% of the crust
Oxygen
Silicon
Aluminum Iron
Calcium
Sodium
Potassium Magnesium
Classification of Minerals
• Minerals are classified into two main
groups based on chemical composition.
1. Silcate Minerals
2. Non-Silicate Minerals
Composition of Minerals
A. Silicate Minerals
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All contain silicon (Si) and O2 (Oxygen)
All contain at least one other element
All make-up 96% of the Earth’s crust
50% of the crust made of Feldspar &
Quartz
– Feldspar are the most common
Common Feldspar
Albite
Orthoclase
Oligoclase
Anorthite
Quartz (Silicon dioxide)
Milky Quartz
Rose Quartz
Smokey Quartz
Chalcedony
Phosphate Class
Apatite
Turquoise
Anapaite
Other Silicates
Olivine
Topaz
Leucite
Biotite
Non-silicate Minerals:
• Does not contain Silicon (Si) or Oxygen (O2).
• Composed of 4% of the Earth’s crust
• Classified into 6 groups
Native Elements class
Gold
Copper
• These are native
metals
• They are simple in
structure
• Have a metallic
property
• These are found on
the periodic table
Silver
Lead
Oxides Class
• Large diversity of
color to black
• Contain a large
quantity of oxygen
• Metallic and
nonmetallic minerals
Identifying Minerals
• Mineralogists – conduct test w/ special
equipment to I.D.
Characteristics include:
Color
Luster
Streak
Cleavage and Fracture
Refraction
Density
Fluorescence
Hardness
Magnetism
Crystal
Gemstone distribution
Month
Birthstone
January
Garnet
February
Amethyst
March
Aquamarine
April
Diamond
May
Emerald
June
Pearl
July
Ruby
August
Peridot
September
Sapphire
October
Opal
November
Topaz
December
Turquoise
turquoise
Uses of Minerals
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art
Jewelry
Money
Tools
Fertilizer
Quartz
Gypsum
Other Uses
• Gemstones – a hard, colorful mineral that
has a brilliant or glassy luster.
– Once a gemstone is cut, it’s called a
gem, ex: rubies, sapphires
• Nonmetals – elements that have dull
surfaces and are poor conductors of heat
and electricity.
Fireworks
• The specific colors produced by fireworks
are produced by a specific mineral
Examples:
green = barium
reds = strontium
blues = copper
yellows = sodium
hemotite (iron) = gold
Color
• Some have very bright colors,
ex: sulfur = bright yellow
• Not a reliable I.D., because some have the
same color or weathering.
Luster
• Light reflected from the surface of a
mineral
• Those minerals that reflect like polished
metal = metallic luster.
Streak
• Color of the mineral in its powdered form
• Observe this by rubbing a mineral against
an unglazed piece of ceramic tile.
STREAK
Cleavage and Fracture
• Split easily along certain flat surfaces
• It’s related to the types of bonds
• Those that do not have cleavage will break
or fracture.
Cleavage
Refraction
• The bending of light by minerals.
Density
• Ratio of mass to volume of a substance
• Minerals have various densities
Fluorescence
• The light from ultraviolet lamps reacts with the
chemicals of a mineral and causes the mineral
to glow
Fluorite under UV light
Hardness
• Ability of a mineral to resist scratching.
• Use Moh’s hardness scale to determine
hardness of a mineral.
Examples of Mohs Scale
– your fingernail has a hardness of 2.5
– a penny has a hardness of about 3.5
– glass and a steel nail have nearly equal
hardnesses of 5.5
– a streak plate has a hardness of 6.5.
Minerals on Mohs Scale
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1 = Talc
2 = Gypsum
3 = Calcite
4 = Fluorite
5 = Apatite (fluorapatite)
6 = Orthoclase
7 = Quartz
8 = Topaz
9 = Corundum
10 = Diamond
Magnetism
• Some minerals have a positive or negative
attraction
Crystal
• Specific crystal shape
• Certain minerals have the same crystal
shape, due to the chemistry of the mineral
Open-Notes Quiz: Minerals
• What are the four characteristics a rock must
have to be classified as a mineral?
• What is the difference between the silicate
group and the non-silicate group. Give an
example of each.
• List ten characteristics mineralogists use to
identify minerals.