Transcript File
TAXONOMY The Science of Classifying Organisms 17.1 Vocabulary 1. Classification 2. Taxonomy 3. Binomial nomenclature 4. Taxon 5. Domain 6. Kingdom 7. Phylum 8. Class 9. Order 10. Family 11. Genus 12. Species Why do we need to classify? •Imagine a store…..how do you know where to find the milk or the cereal? Are they in the same aisle? How is the store “organized”? Are all stores similar? •Imagine your computer or mp3 player…..are all of your songs and files in a single folder or do you have them grouped in some way? When you have a lot of information, it is best to organize and group items so that you can find them easier or easily see their relationship to other items ….this is why we CLASSIFY Even websites must organize their products Scientists also need a way to *NAME* organisms •The “common names” used by people can sometimes be misleading or confusing •In order to communicate effectively, biologists need a CONSISTENT naming protocol. *Check out these slides of confusing names….. Photo Credits Sea Lion: Bill Lim Ant Lion: Amphioxus Lion: law_keven Sea Lion? Antlion? Lion? Which one of these is NOT actually a Photo Credits bear? Panda: Chi King Koala: Belgianchocolate What kind of organism is it?(invertebrate, mammal, insect, fish, 1.Sea Monkey reptile..) 2.Firefly 3.Ringworm 4.Jellyfish 5.Spider monkey 6.Crayfish 7.Sea Horse Photo Credit: Audringje; flickr Consider this……….. •Are all “Grey Wolves” gray? •Are all “Black Bears” black? •Which is more venomous – a water moccasin or a cottonmouth? Grey wolves can be white, black and any shade of gray. Black bears can also be brown or gray A cottonmouth and a water moccasin are the same animal – the names vary by region. Naming and Organizing are part of the same process •The system was developed by Carolus Linnaeus who used Greek and Latin names for organisms •He also created a system where we place all organisms into a few *large* groups KINGDOMS - and then those groups are further divided into smaller groups Grouping •Kingdom •Phylum •Class •Order •Family •Genus •Species Each group gets smaller and more specific – just think of the way you file things on your computer into folders and subfolders To help you remember the list KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GREEN SOUP Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Which taxa does the category mammalia go with? Humans Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primate Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens The scientific name is always the genus + species Humans = Homo sapiens Lion Tiger Pintail Duck Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Class Mammalia Mammalia Aves Order Carnivora Carnivora Anseriformes Family Felidae Felidae Anatidae Genus Panthera Panthera Anas Species Leo Tigris acouta What are the scientific names of each of these organisms? More on Naming.. •The system of naming is called BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE - which means it is a 2name system. •Scientific names must either be underlined or italicized •The genus is always capitalized, the species is lowercase •Can be abbreviated. Ex. F. leo and F. tigris What is a species? Defined as organisms that can interbreed with one another, and produce fertile offspring Check for Understanding 1. Fill in the blanks: Kingdom, _____________, Class, Order, ________________, Genus, _______________ 2. Which two groups are used for an organism's scientific name? 3. Which of the following pairs is MOST closely related? Acer rubrum & Acer saccharum Acer rubrum & Chenopodium rubrum 4. The system we use for naming is called ____________ nomenclature. 5. The science of classification is called ________________ 17.2 Vocabulary 1. Phylogeny 2. Characteristic 3. Cladogram 4. Dichotomous key 5. Evolutionary Classification Cladograms -Branching diagram used to represent the evolutionary history (phylogeny) of a species or group. Dichotomous key -used to identify species, by asking a series of questions, each of which narrows down the set of organisms base on characteristics. 17.3 Vocabulary 1. Eubacteria 8. Autotrophic 2. Archea 9. Heterotrophic 3. Eukarya 10. Prokaryote 4. Protist 11. Eukaryote 5. Fungus 6. Plantae 7. Animalia Three Domain System Recently, scientists have added a group above Kingdom. Three groups, called DOMAINS, contain each of the six kingdoms. Domain Eukarya - includes organisms composed of eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi, protists) Domain Eubacteria - includes all prokaryotic cells, Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Archaea - includes only "ancient" bacteria, Archaebacteria The Kingdoms There are currently 6 kingdoms Classification into a kingdom is based on certain criteria -Number of cells (unicellular or multicellular) -How it obtains energy (heterotroph or autotroph) -Type of cell (eukaryote or prokaryote) Quick Vocabulary Lesson 1. Heterotroph _______________________________ 2. Autotroph ________________________________ 3. Unicellular ________________________________ 4. Multicellular ________________________________ 5. Prokaryote ________________________________ 6. Eukaryote _________________________________ Kingdom Animalia Photo by Tambako the Jaguar •Multicellular •Heterotrophic •Eukaryotic •Do not have a cell wall •Most can move •Live in land, air, & sea Photo by Eduardo Amorim Kingdom Animalia -Organized in to tissues that are usually organized in to organs -Organs are normally organized in to complex organ systems Kingdom Plantae •Multicellular •Autotrophic •Eukaryotic •Cannot move Kingdom Plantae -There are more than 250,000 species of plants -Have cell walls made of cellulose -Few can be parasitic to other plants Kingdom Fungae • Unicellular (yeast) or Multicellular (most) •Heterotrophic (mainly decomposers) •Eukaryotic Photos by nutmeg66 Kingdom Fungi -Lack mobility -Have cell walls made of chitin -Some are parasitic Kingdom Protista •Most are unicellular •Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic •Eukaryotes (all have nucleus) •Examples: Ameba, paramecium, euglena, algae •Most live in water •3 groups animal-like, plant-like, fungus-like Photo of Ameba by PROYECTO AGUA **/** WATER PROJECT Animal like -These are heterotrophs by feeding on other organisms or dead organic matter. -These protozoans are grouped by how they move. -Some move by cilia (Ciliates) or flagella (Flagellates). -Some send out cytoplasm-containing extensions of their plasma membranes called pseudopodia (Ameboas). Plant Like Phytoplankton/algae are multicellular, photosynthetic protists which contain different photosynthetic pigments which gives them different coloration. Fungus Like protists that obtain energy by decomposing organic materials. Differ from fungus in that they can move around on their own. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkVhLJLG7ug Kingdom Eubacteria & Kingdom Archaebacteria •Unicellular •Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic •Prokaryotes (do not have a nucleus) Eubacteria = common bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella) Archaebacteria = “ancient bacteria”, exist in extreme environments Kingdom Archaea -Older than bacteria but more closely related to our eukaryote ancestors -Have a cell wall and some proteins that eukaryotes have -Called extremophiles because they live in extreme environments Kingdom Eubacteria -Cell walls that contain peptidoglycan -More abundant than any other organism. Probably more bacteria in you body than people in the world.