Transcript Genus
TAXONOMY & KINGDOMS Go to Section: Slide # 2 Important Vocabulary 1. Taxonomy: science of classification 2. Binomial nomenclature: two name naming system 3. Prokaryotic: cells without nucleus 4. Eukaryotic: cells with a nucleus 5. Autotroph: organism capable capturing energy from sunlight or chemicals & produces its own food 6. Heterotroph: organism that obtains its energy from food it consumes Vocabulary • Unicellular – • Invertebrate – 90% of all organism is made of only animals lack a backboneone cell ex’s sponges, worms, mollusks, arthropods (insects), echinoderms (star fish) • Multicellular – many • Vertebrates – includes all celled organism fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals Finding Order in Diversity Slide # 3 1. Why Classify? a. To study the diversity of life b. Taxonomy: science of classification 2. Why organisms are given scientific names-a. Common names are misleading jellyfish silverfish None of these animals are fish! Go to Section: star fish Slide # 4 Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms Some organisms have several common names This cat is commonly known as: •Florida panther •Mountain lion •Puma •Cougar Scientific name: Felis concolor Scientific name means “coat of one color” Go to Section: Slide # 5 Aristotle: The First to Classify 1. Aristotle: 1st to classify a. Divided organisms into 2 groups -Plant or animal b. Divided animals into 2 groups-Blooded or bloodless c. Grouped organisms together that were not related 2. Aristotle’s system remained unchanged for 2,000 years! Aristotle Aristotle grouped jellyfish & clown fish together because they lived in the water. However, these organisms are not closely related. Go to Section: Slide # 6 Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy 1. 1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed system of classification – binomial nomenclature a. Two name naming system b. Gave organisms 2 names Genus and species Genus: noun species: adjective Genus capitalized species not capitalized Both names are italicized or underlined EX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man 2. Each organism is given a scientific name – even newly discovered species Go to Section: Carolus Linnaeus Slide # 7 Most Inclusive Linnaeus’s System is Hierarchical Kingdom 1. Phylum Class Order Family Genus Least Inclusive Species Go to Section: 2. Which of the following contains all of the others? a. Family c. Class b. Species d. Order Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same: a. Family c. Order b. Genus d. Species Classification Scheme Domain—all organisms Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species—one type of organism Classification Scheme Domain—all organisms DOMAIN BROAD, MOST INCLUSIVE Kingdom KINGDOM PHYLUM Phylum CLASS Class ORDER Order FAMILY Family GENUS SPECIES Genus Species—one type of organism SPECIFIC, LEAST INCLUSIVE Slide # 8 Hierarchical Ordering of Classification Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Coral Sea star Abert squirrel snake KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata As we move from the kingdom level to the species level, more and more members are excluded – species is least inclusive! CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Go to Section: Classification Scheme Kingdom King Phylum Philip Class Comes Order Over Family For Genus Good Species spaghetti Humans Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordate Mammalia Primates Homidae Homo sapien Bonobo Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordate Mammalia Primates Pongidae Pan paniscus House Cat Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordate Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Felis domesticus Lion Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordate Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Panthera (Felis) Species leo Housefly Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Arthropoda Insect Diptera Muscidae Musca domestica Eubacteria Eubacteria Streptococcus (coccus-round shaped) Spirillum-spiral shaped Escherichia coli Salmonella Strep throat (bacillus-rod shaped) Staph Infection Eubacteria- True Bacteria • Unicellular- lacks internal organelles • Prokaryotic- small cells • Autotroph & Heterotroph • True Bacteria • Decomposers- in soil and water & Pathogens - (ex. food poisoning) • In Domain Bacteria • Ex. Staphylococcus, streptococcus, tuberculosis, pertussis, diptheria Eubacteria & Archaebacteria • Bacterial Cell Shapes --A bacteria is one of three shapes: rod-shaped (bacillus), round-shaped (coccus), and spiral-shaped (spirillum). • Bacterial Toxins-- Bacteria can cause disease by releasing toxins, which damage their host. • Biowarfare-- Biowarfare is the deliberate exposure of people to biological toxins or pathogens such as bacteria or viruses. • Fighting Bacteria --Bacterial disease can be fought with soap, chemicals, and antibiotics. • Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria-- Mutations that allow resistance to antibiotics are strongly favored in bacterial populations being treated with an antibiotic. Slide # 9 Kingdom Eubacteria Classification of Living Things Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Cell Type Prokaryotic Cell Structures Cell walls have peptidoglycan Number of Cells Unicellular Nutrition Autotroph or heterotroph Examples Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Go to Section: E. coli Streptococcus Archaebacteria Archaebacteria- Ancient Bacteria • Unicellular (single cell)- lacks internal organelles • Believed to given rise to Eukaryotic Cells • Prokaryotic- simple, small cells • Heterotrophic • Found in extreme environments • In Domain Archaea • Ex. Halophiles (salt loving), thermophiles (heat loving), methanogens (methane gas producing) Slide # 10 Kingdom Archaebacteria: Live in Extreme Habitats Classification of Living Things Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria Cell Type Prokaryotic Cell Structures Cell walls do not have peptidoglycan Number of Cells Unicellular Nutrition Autotroph or heterotroph Examples Methanogens Halophiles Thermophiles Also called extremophiles Go to Section: Bacillus infernus lives in deep sea vents in the ocean – obtains energy from Earth’s heat Protista Protista Amoeba Paramecium Diatoms Protista • • • • Unicellular- (some Multicellular) Eukaryotic- (More complex cells) Autotrophic & Heterotrophic ***Source of food for larger organisms*** • Mostly found in water, move via flagella, cilia or pseudopods • A few are Pathogenic/parasitic • Ex. Euglena, Algae(photosynthetic), Paramecium, Amoeba, Protozoan-(heterotrophic) Slide # 11 Kingdom Protista: Very Diverse Classification of Living Things Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protistia Cell Type Eukaryotic Cell Structures Cell walls have cellulose; some have chloroplasts Number of Cells Most Unicellular; some multicellular Nutrition Autotroph or heterotroph Examples Amoeba, Paramecium. Slime molds, giant kelp Go to Section: Paramecium Green algae Amoeba Fungi ATHLETE’S FOOT RING WORM Fungi Multicellular – (except yeast--they are unicellular) Eukaryotic ALL Heterotrophic NOT PLANTS: NO CHOLORPHYLL!!!, (but have cell walls made of chitin) Decomposers- secretes enzymes into food to decay it, and then absorb it for nutrients Ex. Ringworms, Athletes Foot, Fungus, Mushrooms, Rust, Mildew, Mold Slide # 12 Kingdom Fungi: Unusual Heterotrophs Classification of Living Things Domain Eukarya Kingdom Fungi Cell Type Eukaryotic Cell Structures Cell walls have chitin Number of Cells Most multicellular; some unicellular Nutrition Heterotroph Examples Mushrooms Yeast mildew Mildew on Leaf Mushroom Go to Section: FLOWERS Plantae FERNS MOSS CONE TREES Plantae • Multicellular • Eukaryotic- Complex cells • Autotrophic- use Sun for making food!(Photosynthesis) • Have roots, stems, and leaflike structures, cell walls(made of cellulose), chloroplast, • Used for food sources, O2, nutrients, medicines, etc… • Ex. Moss, Ferns, TreesConifers, oaks, etc…, Shrubs, Flowers, Fruits Slide # 13 Kingdom Plantae: The Last to Evolve! Classification of Living Things Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae Cell Type Eukaryotic Cell Structures Cell walls have cellulose Number of Cells Multicellular; Nutrition Autotroph Examples Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Mosses growing on trees Go to Section: Ferns : seedless vascular Douglas fir: seeds in cones Sunflowers: seeds in flowers Animalia Animalia • • • • Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Mouth & structure for movement &/or capture of food, such as legs, tentacles, muscles, etc… • Ex. Sponges, Worms, Jelly Fish, Star fish, molluscks, snails, oysters, squid, arthropods, Spiders, insescts, Rabbits, Humans, etc… Slide # 14 Kingdom Animalia Classification of Living Things Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Cell Type Eukaryotic Cell Structures DO NOT have cell walls Number of Cells Multicellular; Nutrition Heterotroph Examples Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals Bumble bee Sage grouse jellyfish hydra Poison dart frog sponge Go to Section: Phylum Characteristics Examples Porifera No tissues, filter water sponges Cnidaria First with tissues, have stinging cells Corals, sea anemones, jellyfish 3 phyla of worms Bilateral symmetry, no legs Flatworms, roundworms, annelids (segmented worms) Mollusca Soft bodies, No shell One shell Two shells Squid and octopus Snail Oysters, clams, mussels Echinoderms Radial symmetry, water vascular system Starfish, sea fans, sea cucumbers Arthropods Exoskeleton, segmented appendages Insects, crustaceans, arachnids, millipedes and centipedes Chordates (vertebrates) Backbone And last but not least . . . Fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds mammals 1st step: Classify / Group into 2 groups 2nd step: Classify / Group EACH group into 2 groups 3rd step: Classify / Group Each group that still has different members into 2 groups