Transcript Energy - University of Dayton

Energy
and microbial life
Universal Energy Currency
What molecules serve as “instant
energy packets” for all living cell?
ATP
Energy Currency of ALL Living Cells
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
ATP
“Adenosine Tri-Phosphate”
Universal Energy Currency for ALL
life forms on Earth
humans, worms, daffodils, bacteria)
Are Energy “quarters”
Examples:
How do we rebuild “broken” ATP
(We need to replenish our ATP!)
ATP  ADP + P + ENERGY to do stuff
HOW get energy so that:
Energy + ADP + P  ATP???
ANSWER:
We get energy to rebuild our ATPs
from:
FOOD!
IMPORTANT!
Breaking down food intro small
pieces = Digestion (Hydrolysis!)
Breaking the covalent bond of the
small food pieces (like glucose) to
release stored energy =
RESPIRATION
(Cellular Respiration)
Two Types of Cellular Respiration
(Two ways to get E from food!)
Anaerobic
Aerobic
 Glucose is partially
broken down into 2
pyruvates
 Occurs in cytoplasm
 Glucose (2 pyruvates)
completely broken down
 Yields 2 ATPs (NET)
 Yields 36 ATPs (NET)
 Occurs in mitochondria
 Does NOT Require oxygen  DOES require oxygen gas!!
(O2)
gas!! (O2)”
 Performed by ??
 Performed by ??
Anaerobic Cell. Respiration
(it’s not pretty!)
What happens when you put yeast
in grape juice and incubate?
Hint:
Anaerobic Respiration aka
“Fermentation”
(See board)
What happens when you put
bacteria in milk and incubate?
Hint:
Anaerobic Respiration aka
“Fermentation”
(See board)
How does Aerobic Cellular
Respiration Work?
Glucose fragments (pyruvates) are
transported into a mitochondrion
Remember: Mitochondria only
function in presence of oxygen gas!
How does Aerobic Cellular
Respiration Work?
Mitochondria completely “pulverize” the
glucose “halves”, (pyruvate). Most of the
covalent bonds are broken; the atoms are
now only bonded in the form of water and
carbon dioxide. The water & CO2 are
released as waste products.
As the covalent bonds are broken (See
above.) enough energy is released to rebuild 32 more ATP.
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Mitochondria Questions
Why do we need oxygen to live?
What does cyanide do?
(Bacteria Review)
What do you already know about
bacteria??
Major Episodes in the History of Life
Millions of years ago
475
570
1,000
1,700
2,500
3,500
4,500
Major Episode
Plants and fungi colonize land
All major animal phyla established
First multicellular organisms
Oldest eukaryotic fossils
Accumulation of atmospheric 02
Oldest prokaryotic fossils
Origin of Earth
Visual Summary 15.1
Two types of Prokaryotic organisms:
Eubacteria (bacteria) and Archaea
Prokaryotes
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
(e.g., extremophiles)
Visual Summary 15.3
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ
in several respects
Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
Nucleoid region
Nucleus
Organelles
Figure 4.4
SUMMARY OF KEY CONCEPTS
The Two Major Categories of Cells
Visual Summary 4.1
Figure4.5x2
What’s going on?
Review of Prokaryote Structure
Plasma membrane
Outer cell wall
Big loop of DNA
Little loops of DNA (plasmids)
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Detriments to Humans
Bad breath, tooth decay
Food poisoning
Some are pathogenic
pathogenic –
Some diseases caused by bacteria:
• Strep throat, “staph” infection
• Cholera, “The Plague”
• Syphilis, gonorrhea,
How cure bacterial infections?
(Antibiotics)
Homework:
Should we drop “bacteria bomb?”
Are there benefits to bacteria that
outweigh their detriments to
humans?