Transcript Unit 13 Infection Control

Unit 13 Infection
Control
Pages 297-347
Understanding IC
Microorganisms = microbes and must be seen
with a microscope
Nonpathogens = ( normal flora ) which are
microbes that are beneficial to us and certain
body processes
Pathogens = microbes that can cause disease
RARE= Sometimes nonpathogens can become
pathogens when the bodies immune system is
compromised or if the nonpathogen enters an
area where the body is not used to it
Bacteria ( Cocci )
Simple and one celled
Multiply Rapidly
Diplococci = (paired) Gonorrhea,
Meningitis, and Pneumonia
Streptococci = (chained) Strep Throat
Staphylococci = (clustered) Staph
Infections, Boils, Wound Infections, Toxic
Shock
Bacteria ( Bacilli )
Rod Shaped w/wout Flagella
In Spore Form hard to kill
Tuberculosis, Tetanus, Pertussis
(Whooping Cough), Botulism, Diptheria,
and Typhoid.
Bacteria (Spirilla)
Comma Shaped = Vibrio
Corkscrew Shaped = Spirochete
Syphilis and Cholera
Common Treatment of Bacteria
Antibiotics are used to kill Bacteria
Over a period of years and lack of new
Antibiotics, some forms of Bacteria have
become immune to the antibiotics we use
today
Protozoa
One Celled animal like often found in
decaying materials and contaminated
water
Some can cause Malaria, Amebic
Dysentery, Trichomonas, and African
Sleeping Sickness
Fungi
Simple plant like organisms that usually live on
dead organic matter
Yeasts and Molds are two common forms that
can be pathogenic
Ringworm, Tinea Pedis, Histoplasmosis,Yeast
Vaginitis, and Thrush
* Antibiotics Do Not Kill Fungus
Antifungal Meds are very expensive and you
have to take them for a very long time and watch
for liver damage
Rickettsia
Parasite in nature and cannot live outside
the host
Found in Fleas, Lice, Ticks, and Mites
Typhus Fever and Rocky Mountain
Spotted Fever
Antibiotics are used for treatment
VIRUS
Smallest and only visible w Electron
Microscope
Cannot Reproduce unless in the host cell
Spread Human to Human by blood and
body secretions
Viruses are very hard to kill because they
are resistant to many disinfectants and not
affected by antibiotics
Common Cold, Measles, Mumps, Chicken
Pox, Herpes, Warts, Influenza, and Polio
VIRUS HBV
Hepatitis B ( Blood Borne ) HBV that
affects the liver and can lead to permanent
damage and scarring
S/S Fever, Pain, Flu-Like Symptoms, ???
Vaccine does exist and is mandatory in
Healthcare Facilities
VIRUS HCV
Hepatitis C Virus
Blood to Blood and Blood Containing Body
Fluids
Many are Asymptomatic
Most are Vague like HBV
Can cause very serious liver damage
No current vaccine
Both HCV and HBV can survive on
surfaces for several days
AIDS and HIV
Suppresses the Immune System
Cannot fight infections or cancers
Nonpathogens can become pathogenic in
nature
No Cure
Vaccine is currently being trialed
EVERYONE is at Risk in the Healthcare
Environment
Microorganisms
Aerobic ( Needs O2)
Anaerobic ( Does Not Need 02)
Some pathogens produce toxins that can
damage the nervous system
Others can cause an allergic response
Others can seek and destroy living cells
Infection and Disease Class
Endogenous Originates in the body
Metabolic Disorders
Congenital Abnormalities
Tumors
Infections caused within the body
Exogenous originates outside the body
Pathogens that attack the body
Radiation
Chemical Agents
Trauma
Electric Shock
Temperature Extremes
Nosocomial Acquired in the Hospital or
Healthcare Facility
Usually transmitted from the Healthcare
Worker to the patients
Many are Antibiotic Resistant
Can be Life Threatening
Opportunistic Infections that occur when
the body is weakened
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Pneumocycstis Carinii Pneumonia
Conditions for Spreading
Causative Agent
Reservoir ( can include Fomites )
Portal of Exit
Mode of Transmission
Portal of Entry
Susceptible Host
1 Causative Agent
The pathogen, bacteria, fungus, or virus
that can cause infection
2 Reservoir
It must find a place to live
Human Body
Animals
Environment
Fomites = objects contaminated with the
infection like doorknobs, bedpans, urinals,
linens, instruments, etc..
3 Portal of Exit
The organism must have a way to escape
to reservior it has been growing in
In Humans pathogens leave through urine,
feces, saliva, blood, tears, mucous
discharge, sexual secretions, and draining
wounds
4 Mode of Transmission
A way in which it can be transmitted to
another reservoir or host where it can live
Transmission:
– Person to Person
– Direct contact with Secretions
– Contaminated Hands (#1)
– Indirect Contact = food, air, soil, insects,
feces, clothing, instruments, & equipment
5 Portal of Entry
A way to enter the new host or reservoir
Breaks in the Skin
Breaks in the Mucous Membrane
Respiratory Tract
Digestive Tract
Genitourinary Tract
Circulatory System
Normal Healthy Adults usually fight off
causative agents
Body Defenses
Mucous Membranes = Lines the
Respiratory, Digestive, and Reproductive
Tracts and traps pathogens
Cilia = Tiny hairlike structures that line the
respiratory tract and propel pathogens out
of the body
Coughing and Sneezing
Hydrochloric Acid = Destroys pathogens in
the stomach
Body Defenses
Tears in the Eye = Contain Bacteriocidal
Chemicals and flush the eye
Fever
Inflammation = leukocytes, or WBC, respond
and destroy pathogens
Immune Response = Body produces antibodies
(proteins that combat pathogens, and protective
chemicals secreted by cells, such as interferon
and complement)
6 Susceptible Host
If the body defenses are weak or the
pathogen too numerous, then the host is
susceptible to invasion
When all of the Factors – 1-6 are in place,
it is known as the Chain of Infection
If any of the links in the Chain of Infection
are broken, then the transmission can be
prevented
Asepsis
Major way to break the Chain of Infection
Defined as the absence of diseaseproducing organisms or pathogens
Any object or area that may contain a
pathogen is considered contaminated
Asepsis is designed to eliminate and/or
prevent contamination
Common Aseptic Techniques
Handwashing
Good Personal Hygiene
Use of Disposable Gloves
Proper Cleaning of Equipment
Proper Cleaning of Instruments
Thorough Cleaning of the Environment
Levels of Asepsis
Antisepsis =Prevents or Inhibits growth of
pathogens but not spores and viruses. Can be
used on the skin. Examples Alcohol, Betadine,
and Listerine
Disinfection =Destroys or kills pathogens, but
not always effective against spores and viruses.
Chemical and can be used on surfaces. Bleach
and Zephirin
Sterilization =Destroys ALL microbes. Usually
steam under pressure, gas, radiation, and
chemicals. Instruments for surgery are usually
autoclaved and chemically rinsed
Handwashing ( 15-30 Seconds)
When you arrive to work
Before and After every Patient Contact
Anytime your hands become soiled
Before and After Donning Gloves
Before and After Specimen Collection
After Picking Up Trash, Using the Bathroom,
Coughing, Sneezing
B/A Eating, Drinking, Smoking, Applying Lip
Balm, Inserting or Removing Contacts
Chain of Infection
Draw your own Chain of Infection from
page 303
Remember to make sure you have all the
definitions listed on page 298
Remember to always WASH YOUR
HANDS!!!!!!!!!!
Standard Precautions
Rules developed by the CDC to prevent
the transmission and contraction of
pathogens.
Every body fluid must be considered a
potentially infectious material, and all
patients must be considered potential
sources of infection, regardless of their
disease or diagnosis
Prevention of Communicable
Diseases
Communicable Disease = is caused by a
pathogenic organism that can be easily
transmitted to others
Transmission Based Isolation Precautions
are methods to reduce the incidence of
transmission
Standard Precautions are ALWAYS
observed, but in some instances, a patient
is on a specific type of Isolation
Airborne Precautions
For known or suspected to be infected with an
airborne pathogen
Examples: Rubella (Measles),
Varicella (Chicken Pox), TB, and Shingles
• These patients are placed in a Negative
Pressure room with HEPA filter and the door
must remain closed
• Anyone entering must wear an N-95 or N-100
Mask
• If the patient must be moved, they must wear a
surgical mask during transport
Droplet Precautions
Patient suspected or diagnosed with large
particle pathogen that can be ejected from the
nose or mouth within a 3 feet radius
Examples = Hemophilus Influenzae, Meningitis,
Pneumonia, Sinusitis, Otitis Media, Diptheria,
Mycoplasma Pneumonia, Pertussis, Adenovirus,
Mumps, and Viral Pneumonia
Mask must be worn within 3 feet of the patient
The patient must wear a mask when being
transported
Contact Precautions
For patients with epidemiologically
pathogen that is capable of being spread
from patient to patient through direct or
indirect contact
Examples = Any GI, RS, Skin, or Wound
Infection caused by a Drug Resistant
pathogens, Herpes, Diptheria, impetigo,
Pediculosis, Scabies, and Staph
Gloves must be worn at ALL times
Protective or Reverse Isolation
A method used to protect certain patients
from organisms present in the
environment.
Mainly used for Immunosuppressed
Patients
Care Plans
Plan of care for a patient and their
diagnosis considering their religion, family
dynamic, and financial status