Antibiotic Selection
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Transcript Antibiotic Selection
Antibiotics
Biotechnology II
Antibiotics Disrupt Cell Wall Synthesis,
Protein Synthesis, Nucleic Acid Synthesis
and Metabolism
Univ S. Carolina
Principles and Definitions
Selectivity
– Selectivity
vs
toxicity
Therapeutic index
– Toxic dose/ Effective dose
Categories of antibiotics
– Bacteriostatic
Reversibly inhibit growth
Duration of treatment sufficient for host defenses to
eradicate infection
– Bactericidal Kill bacteria
Usually antibiotic of choice for infections in sites such as
endocardium or the meninges where host defenses are
ineffective.
Principles and Definitions
Selectivity
Therapeutic index
Categories of antibiotics
– Use of bacteriostatic vs bactericidal
antibiotic
Therapeutic index better for bacteriostatic
antibiotic
Resistance to bactericidal antibiotic
Protein toxin mediates disease – use
bacteriostatic protein synthesis inhibitor to
immediately block synthesis of toxin.
Principles and Definitions
Antibiotic susceptibility testing (in vitro)
– Bacteriostatic Antibiotics
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
Lowest concentration that results in inhibition of visible
growth (colonies on a plate or turbidity of liquid culture)
– Bactericidal Antibiotics
Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)
Lowest concentration that kills 99.9% of the original inoculum
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing-MIC
Disk Diffusion Test
Determination of MIC
Str
Tet
8
4
2
1
0
Tetracycline (g/ml)
MIC = 2 g/ml
Ery
Chl
Amp
Size of zone of inhibition depends on sensitivity, solubility, rate of diffusion.
Compare results to MIC tables generated using standards.
Principles and Definitions
Combination therapy
– Prevent emergence of resistant strains
– Temporary treatment until diagnosis is made
– Take advantage of antibiotic synergism
Penicillins and aminoglycosides inhibit cell wall synthesis
and allow aminoglycosides to enter the bacterium and
inhibit protein synthesis.
CAUTION: Antibiotic antagonism
– Penicillins and bacteriostatic antibiotics. Cell wall synthesis
is not occurring in cells that are not growing.
Antibiotics vs chemotherapeutic agents vs
antimicrobials
– Antibiotics-naturally occurring materials
– Chemotherapeutic-synthesized in the lab (most
antibiotics are now synthesized and are therefore
actually chemotherapeutic agents.
Mechanisms of Antibiotics
•Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
• Mostly bacteriostatic
• Selectivity due to differences in prokaryotic and
eukaryotic ribosomes
• Some toxicity - 70S ribosomes eukaryotic in mitochondria
•Inhibitors of INITATION
• 30S Ribosomal Subunit (Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines,
Spectinomycin)
• 50S Ribosomal Subunit (Chloramphenicol, Macrolides)
•Inhibitors of ELONGATION
• Elongation Factor G (Fusidic acid)
Mechanisms of Antibiotics
• Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
• Inhibitors of RNA Synthesis: Selectivity due to
differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic RNA polymerase: (Rifampcin)
• Inhibitors of DNA Synthesis: Selectivity due to
differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic enzymes: (Quinolones)
• Inhibitors of Folic Acid Synthesis :bacteria make
it, we get it from diet (Sulfonamides)
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance
Principles and Definitions
Clinical resistance vs actual resistance
Resistance can arise by new mutation or by gene
transfer (e.g. acquisition of a plasmid)
Resistance provides a selective advantage.
Resistance can result from single or multiple steps
Cross resistance vs multiple resistance
– Cross resistance -- Single mechanism-- closely related
antibiotics are rendered ineffective
– Multiple resistance -- Multiple mechanisms -- unrelated
antibiotics. Acquire multiple plasmids. Big clinical
problem.
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance
Mechanisms
Altered permeability
– Altered influx
Mutation in a transporter necessary to import antibiotic can lead
to resistance.
– Altered efflux
Acquire transporter gene that will pump the antibiotic out
(Tetracycline)
Inactivation of the antibiotic
b-lactamase
Chloramphenicol Acetyl Transferase
Mutation in the target site.
– Penicillin binding proteins (penicillins)
– RNA polymerase (rifampin)
– 30S ribosome (streptomycin)
Replacement of a sensitive enzyme with a resistant
enzyme
– Plasmid mediated acquisition of a resistant enzyme (sulfonamides,
trimethoprim)