Transcript Genetic Engineering

Genetic Engineering
Manipulating genes outside of the
organisms’ normal process
Genetic Engineering
• Manipulating genes
outside of the organisms
normal process
• Example: Genetically
modified foods and
recently developed
viruses for medicine
delivery
• Consequences: Mostly
done for desired traits or
products
Transformation
•
Genetic alteration of a cell to
express foreign DNA from outside
the cell into its own DNA
•
Example: Using bacteria to create
insulin. Humans use the bacterial
plasmid to insert desired genes
and have the bacteria produce the
product in this case, human
insulin. Using transformation is a
faster and cheaper process to
assist humans need for insulin.
•
Not certain how attempts to help
us are hurting other organisms
Transformation
• Examples: Bacteria to create insulin – insert human
gene into bacterial DNA, the new combination of genes
is returned to bacterial cell. Bacteria can then produce
human protein insulin. Insulin products help individuals
with diabetes control their blood sugar.
Transgenic Organisms
• Organisms containing genes
from another organism
• How? A gene from one
organism is inserted into the
cells of another
• A desired gene is extracted
and placed into a carrier cell
Transgenic Organisms
• Examples
• Tobacco plants that glow
in the dark (they contain
gene from a firefly)
• Cows that produce
human milk (contain
human gene)
• Consequences: Not
certain how attempts to
help us are hurting other
organisms
Genetically Modified Organisms
• Organisms’ whose DNA
has been modified
• Problems: Scientists are
not sure what the
consequences will be for
humans.
• Example: Many food
crops that we eat are less
susceptible to pests and
diseases because they
have been modified for
resistance.
Asexual Reproduction
• Reproduction that does not involve
fertilization
• Examples:
– single celled organisms (Binary
Fission)
– New Mexico Whiptail, as well as several
other all-female species of whiptail lizard,
does reproduce, and all of its offspring are
female. Moreover, it reproduces by
parthenogenesis -- its eggs require no
fertilization, and its offspring are exact and
complete genetic duplicates of the mother.
Cannot evolve as other species do. If their
environment changes they would not
survive.
• Consequences:
– Lacks genetic recombination
(combining of traits)
– creates exact replicas which passes on
good and bad mutations.
Cloning
• Creating an identical copy
of something – produced
from a single cell.
• When cloning animals we
are not certain about the
effects on the created
organism. Usually cloned
organisms are sick and
do not live very long.
– Ex. Dolly and
premature aging
Cloning animation
Example
Know this
process!!! See
Fig. 13-13
Cloning Process
Genetic Shuffling- Bacterial
Antibiotic Resistance
• Bacteria are combated antibiotic drugs
• Bacteria are becoming resistant to
antibiotic drugs. WHY?
• They are mutating by switching
(shuffling)their bases during replication so
that the antibiotics do not recognize and
kill them antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotic Resistance
1- bacterial population with no
antibiotic- 2 changed bacteria
2- antibiotic has been
introduced and affect most of
one population
3- Antibiotic resistant bacteria
thrive
4- Antibiotics removed which
allows growth of initial
population and continued
growth of the mutated
population
Extinction
• An organism no longer
exists
• Examples:
– Dodo
– Golden Toad
• Consequences:
– Reduces biodiversity and
variety of genes.
– Some of these organisms
might hold cures to
medical problems, but we
will never know.
WHO’S NEXT????