Transcript Animal Diseases & Health

Animal Diseases & Health
Disease: not be at ease, uncomfortable due to a variety of
causes such as – nutritional defects, virus, bacteria,
protozoa, etc.
Infectious Disease: caused by microorganisms that invade
the animal’s body. Usually contagious (infected animal can
pass the disease on to a healthy animal)
Bacteria: harmful bacteria invade the cells of an animal’s
body. Parasitic bacteria may harm the animal by feeding off
the body cells or by secreting a material known as a toxin.
Toxin: substance that causes harm to an organism
(poison)
Types of Bacteria
Cocci: round, spherical-shaped bacteria. Ex:
pneumonia, strep infection
Bacillus: rod-shaped organisms that may be single, in
pairs, or arranged in chains. Ex: anthrax, tetanus, blackleg,
intestinal coliform, salmonella, tuberculosis
Spirilla: shaped like spirals or corkscrews. Very motile
(move very easily). Also require a moist atmosphere to
survive. Live well in reproductive tracts of animals. Ex:
leptospirosis, spirochetosis, vibriosis
Most bacteria can be controlled by the use of antibiotics.
(Ex: penicillin)
Viruses
Very tiny particle of matter composed of a core of nucleic
acid and a covering of protein that protects the virus. Made
up of some of the material found in cells, but they are not
a cell because they don’t have a nucleus or other cell parts.
Viruses don’t grow and can’t reproduce outside a living
cell.
Viruses reproduce using the energy and materials in the
invaded cell. They harm cells by causing them to burst
during mitosis of the virus and by using material in the cell
that the cell needs to function properly.
Viral diseases cause the animal to be sick by preventing
certain cells in the animal’s body to function properly. Viral
diseases are more difficult to treat than diseases caused by
bacteria. Many are incurable. The best means to deal with
them is prevention
Exs: foot-and-mouth disease, influenza, hog cholera, and
pseudorabies
Protozoa
Single-celled organisms that often are parasitic. Cause
harm to animals by feeding on cells or by producing toxins.
Most protozoa can be controlled by drugs.
Exs: African sleeping sickness, anaplasmosis,
coccidiosis
Noninfectious Diseases – not contagious
Genetic Diseases: caused by defects in the genes that
were transferred from the animal’s parents
Nutritional Diseases: all animals need certain amounts
of a variety of nutrients. If these nutrients are not in the
animal’s diet, the animal can become very ill. (ex: milk fever)
Poisoning – agricultural animals can be made sick by
ingesting toxic materials. (ex: milkweed)
PARASITES
Parasitism: relationship that’s beneficial to one animal and
harmful to another. The animal that lives off the other animal
is called a parasite; the animal that is the parasite lives on or
in is called the host.
Most parasites live off the blood of the host animal. The
continual loss of blood causes anemia. An animal
becomes anemic when the blood supply is greatly
diminished from the parasites living off the blood. The
host becomes ill because the body cells aren’t getting
enough oxygen and food nutrients.
Parasites often carry disease organisms from one animal
to another. Parasites can be divided into two categories:
internal parasites and external parasites.
Internal Parasites: live within the animal’s body and may
feed on the animal’s blood or on feed that passes through
the animal. There are three (3) major groups:
Roundworms: cause more damage to agricultural
animals than any other group of internal parasites. They
infect almost all types of livestock and exist by living in the
digestive tracts of their hosts.
- Stomach worms: infect all classes of livestock
and cause damage by the adults’ burrowing into the lining of
the host’s stomach and sucking the animal’s blood. The
worms lay eggs in the stomach of the host and pass out of
the animal in the feces.
- Strongyle: similar to stomach worms in their
life cycle, except that they live in the intestines of the host
animal. Strongyles cause damage by causing scar tissue in
the small intestine and sucking blood from the host animal.
- Ascarids: often attack young animals. Ingested by animals
grazing on blades of grass to which larvae have attached
themselves. The larvae burrow into the walls of the intestines
and from there work their way through the host’s heart, liver,
and lungs.
Tapeworms: class of works that are segmented. Body
of the worm is made up of distinct segments. Each segment
contains both the male and female reproductive organs.
These segments are broken off the body of the worm and
reproduce.
The adult of the tapeworm lives in the small intestine of
the host. They grow to be quite large, with some reaching
lengths of 25 ft! These worms live off feed that is passed into
the host animal’s intestine. It causes the animal harm by
devouring the food the animal has eaten.
Intermediate Host: an animal that a parasite uses to support part
of its life cycle. An intermediate host is not harmed by the parasite.
Since the mite lives on grasses, they are swallowed by the grazing
animals. The eggs are then passed through the animal to the small
intestine, where they hatch and live until maturity.
Flukes: small, seed-shaped flatworms that live in various parts of
the host animal. The most damaging of the flukes are those that live
in the liver.
EXTERNAL PARASITES:
Generally don’t cause as much damage to animals as internal
parasites. They can cause losses in terms of animal comfort and
through the loss of hide quality and blood loss. External parasites
include ticks, lice, and flies.
Ticks: generally attach themselves to most of the warm-blooded
agricultural animals. They cause damage by penetrating the skin and
sucking blood from the host animal. Tick eggs are laid in the grass to
hatch in the spring. When an animal passes by, the tick attaches itself
to the animal and gorges on the animal’s blood. When the tick feeds, it
inserts its mouth into the host animal’s skin and injects saliva into the
wound. The saliva contains an anticoagulant and allows the blood to
flow freely into the tick.
Lice: tiny, wingless insects that spend its whole life on the host
animal.
Two types:
- blood-sucking lice that feed by drawing blood through
the animal’s skin
- biting lice that feed on the hair or skin particles
Heel flies: (cattle grub) larvae burrow through the soft tissue of
the lower leg of cattle and travel to the back, where they eat a hole in
the skin of the back for a breathing hole. They feed on the animal’s
flesh until they mature.
Physical exams are performed to assess a patient’s
condition. After a patient’s assessment, the information is
written into a medical record. The animal’s signalment
should always be included. This is a description of the
animal, including species, breed, age, and sexual status
(intact or neutered).
Vital signs are parameters taken from the animal to assess
its health. These include: temperature, pulse, respiration
rate, and blood pressure.
Animal
Heart Rate
Beats/Min
Dogs
70-160
Cats
150-210
Hamsters
250-500
Guinea Pigs
230-280
Rabbits
130-325
Horses
28-50
Cattle
40-80
Sheep
60-120
Goats
70-135
Pigs
58-100
Ferrets
230-250
Respiration Rate
Breaths/Min
8-20
8-30
35-135
42-104
30-60
8-16
12-36
18598
18598
41139
33-36
Rectal Temperature
Degrees F
100.5-102.5
100.5-102.5
99-100.5
99-103
101.5-104
99.5-101.5
100.5-102.5
102.5-104
101.5-105
102.5-104
100.5-104
In your notebooks, you will research 5 different diseases to include
a chart like this:
Type of Disease Name of Disease Cause(s) Symptom(s)
Treatment/Prevention
(if any)
Bacterial
Viral
Protozoan
Nutritional
Genetic
You will also choose 2 parasites (1 internal & 1 external) to research
their symptoms, treatment, and prevention taken for each in
animals.