Transcript Classification

Starter 9/1/09
• p 53 # 7
• Time to finish starter
Starter 9/2/09
• p 53 #’s 1-5
• Time to finish starter
Classification
• The arrangement of
organisms into
orderly groups
based on their
similarities
• Living and extinct
are classified
Why?
• Make sense of the great number and
diversity of organisms, living and extinct.
• Makes it easier to study characteristics of
and relationships between different
organisms, they are grouped according to
their shared characteristics and their
relationship.
Carolus Linnaeus
• Swedish physician
and botanist who is
the founder of
taxonomy—the
science of describing,
classifying, and
naming living things.
• He identified
according to shared
characteristics
Modern Classification
• Based on shared
characteristics
and how closely
related living
things are
• The more
characteristics
organisms share
the closer the
relationship.
Branching Diagrams
• Shows similarities and
differences
• Animals with branches
close to each other share
a common ancestor (are
closely related)
• Branches split when a
species develops a unique
unshared characteristic
•Do
8 Levels of Classification
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Did
King
Phillip
Come
Over
From
Great
Spain
• Kings
• Play
• Chess
• On
• Fat
• Guys’
•Stomachs
Scientific Naming
• When classifying an organism, biologists
give it a scientific name which never
changes
• 2-part name in Latin or Greek (helps to
avoid confusion between languages—used
worldwide, scientists can communicate)
• 1st word: genus (capitalized), 2nd: species
(lowercase)—both parts are underlined or
italicized
• Indian elephant—Elephas maximus
(E. maximus)
Dichotomous
• Special guides that
Keys aid in identifying
unknown organisms
• Several pairs of
descriptive
statements that have
only 2 alternative
responses
• Answers lead to
other steps
• Organism is
eventually identified
1. a. This mammal flies. Its hand is formed into a wing.
Little brown bat
b. This mammal does not fly.
Go to step 2
2. a. This mammal has a naked (no fur) tail.
Go to step 3
b. This mammal doesn’t have a naked tail.
Go to step 4
3. a. This mammal has a short, naked tail.
Eastern mole
b. This mammal has a long, naked tail.
Go to step 5
4. a. This mammal has a black mask across its face.
Raccoon
b. This mammal does not have a black mask across its face.
Go to step 6
5. a. This mammal has a tail that is flattened and shaped like a paddle. Beaver
b. This mammal has a tail that is not flattened or shaped like a paddle. Opossum
6. a. This mammal is brown with a white underbelly.
Go to step 7
b. This mammal is not brown with a white underbelly.
Go to step 8
7. a. This mammal has a long, furry tail that is black on the tip.
Longtail weasel
b. This mammal has a long tail without much fur.
White-footed mouse
8. a. This mammal is black with a narrow white stripe on its forehead and
broad white stripes on its back.
Striped skunk
b. This mammal is not black with white stripes.
Go to step 9
9. a. This mammal has long ears and a short, cottony tail.
Eastern cottontail
b. This mammal has short ears and a medium-length tail.
Woodchuck
1. a. wings covered by an exoskeleton ………go to step 2
b. wings not covered by an exoskeleton …..go to step 3
2. a. body has a round shape …………………...ladybug
b. body has an elongated shape …………..grasshopper
3. a. wings point out from the side of body……dragonfly
b. wings point to the posterior of the body ….housefly
• Starter 9/7/10 –
Section Review p 53
Domains and Kingdoms
• For a long time, all
organisms were
classified into 2
kingdoms: Plantae or
Animalia.
• Euglena were
discovered—
characteristics of both
plants and animals.
What now??
Domains and Kingdoms
3 Domains:
• Archaea
– Kingdom Archebacteria
• Bacteria
– Kingdom Eubacteria
• Eukarya
–
–
–
–
–
4 Kingdoms:
Prostista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Domain Archaea
Tiny single-celled organisms, prokaryotes (no nuclei or
membrane bound organells).
• “Archae” =
“ancient”
• Live in extreme
environments
– Hot springs
– Deep ocean
vents
Domain Bacteria
Tiny single-celled organisms,
prokaryotes (____________).
• Most bacteria
• Live in soil, water,
human body
• Escherichia coli
– In intestines
– Produce vitamin
K
Domain Eukarya
• All organisms that have a nucleus and
membrane bound organelles.
• Four Kingdoms:
– Protista
– Fungi
– Plantae
– Animalia
Protista
• Single-celled or simple
multicellular
• Can act like plants,
animals, or fungus but are
not plants, animals, or
fungi
• Most diverse
• Protozoa (animal-like),
algae and kelp (plantlike), slime molds/water
molds(fungus-like)
Fungi
• Complex, multicellular
• A fungus called Penicillum
produces penicillin, an
antibiotic. Yeast is used in
bread making
• Absorb nutrients from
surroundings after
breaking them down with
digestive juices
(decomposers-nature’s
recyclers)
• Molds, mushrooms, yeast
• Reproduce by using spores
• Starter 9/13/10 – p 63 20-23
Plantae
• Complex multicellular
• Photosynthetic—
capture sun’s energy
to make sugar
• Plant cells have cell
walls
• Vary in size and form
Animalia
• Complex multicellular
• Move from place to
place
• Nervous systems that
help sense and react
• They must ingest/eat
their food
• Depend on bacteria and
fungi to recycle
nutrients in dead
organisms