Transcript Ecology Review

Wake-up
1. Explain the difference between acid
deposition and global warming.
2. What is urbanization?
EOC Review #6: Ecology
Two Laws that Allow Ecosystems to
Function: #2
The Cycling of
Nutrients
Nutrients = Water,
Carbon, Nitrogen,
Sulfur, Phosphorus
Water cycle
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the
atmosphere!!!!
BUT it is in a form that organisms are
unable to use
Why do we need NITROGEN?
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, found on plant
roots in nodules, are able to change this
unusable gas into a usable form
Nitrogen cycle
Ecology Basics – Food
Webs and Energy Flow
Identify 3 Abiotic and Biotic Factors in
the Picture Below
Levels of Organization within the
Environment
1. INDIVIDUA
L or
SPECIES:
One organism
Levels of Organization within the
Environment
2. POPULATION: Group of similar
individuals/species
Levels of Organization within the
Environment
3. COMMUNITY: Group of populations living
together
Levels of Organization within the
Environment
4. ECOSYSTEM: All the communities (biotic) “living”
with the abiotic parts of the environment
Levels of Organization within the
Environment
5. BIOSPHERE: All
the ecosystems on
the planet
Two Laws that Allow Ecosystems to
Function: #1
The Flow of Energy;
The Sun is the
ULTIMATE source of
energy for living
things
Organism can feed using two methods:
Autotroph/Producer
Organisms make their own food in their cells automatically
Sun
Energy source for Producer
Example of Producers: PLANTS
Bacteria
Phytoplankton
(phyto=light)
Organism can feed using two methods:
Heterotroph/Consumer
Organisms cannot make their own food in their
cells – need to eat/consume
Herbivore
Consumer that
eats ONLY
producers
Carnivore: Consumer that eats ONLY
other “meat”; other consumers
Omnivore: Consumer that eats BOTH
producers and consumers
Scavenger: Consumer that eats the
remains of dead/decaying organisms
Decomposer: Consumer that breaks down the
remains of dead/decaying organisms; returns
nutrients to the producers
Each organism in a food chain has a trophic
level; A trophic level is a feeding level
Energy Flow in Ecosystem
Sun is the ultimate energy source in
ecosystems
How much energy is lost?
90% of the energy is lost; only 10% available
energy moves to the next trophic level
Energy
Pyramid
Diagram
representing
the amount of
available
energy
Community Interactions
Spider and Insect
The spider is eating
an insect that it has
trapped.
Predator-Prey
OxPecker Bird and Hoofed
Mammal
The oxpecker
eats parasites
on the
mammal
which is food
for the bird
and removal
of danger for
the mammal
Mutualism
Whale and Barnacle
The barnacle larvae swim around, attach to the
whale. This habitat is a good one for providing
food.
•
The whale does not “appear” to be harmed.
Commensalism
Wasp and Hornworm Larva
Adult wasps insert
their eggs beneath
the skin of the
hornworm larva.
The eggs hatch
and the young
feed hornworm
until they form a
pupa.
The worm is killed.
Parasitism
Populations
Factors that can cause a population change:
1. Number of Births
Factors that can cause a population change:
2. Number of Deaths
Factors that can
cause a
population
change:
3. ImmigrationComing into a new
environment
Factors that can cause a population
change:
4. Emigration: Leaving an environment
J-Shaped Growth Curve
# of Individuals
Exponential
Growth
Time
# of Individuals
S-Shaped Growth Curve (Logistic)
Time
Explanation of Acid Deposition
Rain, sleet, or
snow that have
a low pH; it is
acidic.
Natural rain has
a pH of about
5.6; Acid rain
has a pH less
than 5.6
Sources: Industrial and Vehicle Emissions;
Burning Coal
Global Warming
The gradual increase in the temperature of the
earth's atmosphere due to increased amounts of
greenhouse gases.
Sources of Increased Greenhouse
Gases: Burning of Fossil Fuels
Habitat Destruction
A natural habitat is damaged or destroyed; it is
no longer capable of supporting the species that
live there.
Urbanization: Development of
cities
Invasive Species
Non-native species that threaten ecosystems,
habitats, or species
What is a Pesticide?
Chemical used to kill “pests” or unwanted
organisms
DDT – Pesticide introduced in the 1940s
Used to control malaria, typhus, and for insect
control in crop, livestock, homes, and gardens.
*Biomagnification
Increase in
concentration
of a
substance in
food chains