Transcript Unit 3 Ecology Chapters 3-6

Unit 3 Ecology
Chapters 3-6
SB4. Students will assess the dependence
of all organisms on one another and the
flow of energy and matter within their
ecosystems.
Investigate the relationships among
organisms, populations, communities,
ecosystems, and biomes.
 Explain the flow of matter and energy
through ecosystems by
 Arranging components of a food chain
according to energy flow.


Comparing the quantity of energy in the
steps of an energy pyramid.

Explaining the need for cycling of major
nutrients (C, O, H, N, P).

Relate environmental conditions to
successional changes in ecosystems.
Assess and explain human activities that
influence and modify the environment such
as global warming, population growth,
pesticide use, and water and power
consumption.
 Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms,
to the ability to survive stressful
environmental conditions.
 Relate animal adaptations, including
behaviors, the ability to survive stressful
environmental conditions.

Chapter 3 Section 1: The Biosphere
 Ecology:
the study of interactions
among organisms & between an
organism & its environment.
 Organisms
are interdependent on
one another & their environment
Levels of Organization (Ecology)

Species ______________
Communities _____________ Biome
Example: Deer Group of Deer
Deer, Rabbits, & Birds
Deer, Rabbit, Birds, Rocks, Water & trees
Aquatic & terrestrial ecosystems

Ecological Methods of Study

There are 3 main methods of research
 1)
Observing
 2)
Experimenting
 3)
Modeling
Chapter 3 Section 2: Energy Flow

____________ is the main energy source
for life on Earth.

Some types of organisms rely on energy
stored in inorganic__________
compounds. They make their food by
_____________.

Example: Bacteria in underwater vents
Producers vs. Consumers

Organisms that make their own food
are ___________ or ___________.

Organisms that can’t make their own
food are ____________ or
_____________.
There are 5 main types of consumers:





Herbivores only eat __________
Carnivores only eat __________
Omnivores eat both
__________& __________.
Detritivores eat plant & animal
___________.
Decomposers Break down
organic matter.
Biology Inquiry Project Rubric

Objective: Research a specific topic and
complete an informative essay about the
environmental issue.

Requirements:
 The
essay should be a minimum of 2 pages typed.
 It can be double spaced but needs to be size 12
font in Times New Roman style.
 Your essay should also include a works cited page
listing your sources. (This page is not included in
your minimum of 2 pages.)

Guidelines: Your essay should include
the following:
 An
explanation of the topic/issue to be
covered in the essay
 Background information about the topic
 Examples of the topic/issue (minimum of 2)
 Your opinion about the topic/issue.
 Conclusion about topic/issue

Due October 18th
How Ecosystems Work: Food Chains

Energy flows through an ecosystem in
_______ direction.

Sun Producer Consumers

The energy stored by producers can be
passed through an ecosystem along a
________ ________

a series of steps in which an organisms
transfer energy by eating and being eaten.
A ________ ______ is a complex system of
many food chains that links an
ecosystem together.
Each step in a food chain or food web is
called a ________ ________.
Producers make up the ________ trophic
level.
Ecological Pyramids

There are 3 main types of pyramids



Energy Pyramid
Biomass Pyramid
Pyramid of Numbers

Only ________ of the energy available
within one trophic level is transferred to
organisms at the next trophic level.

The other ________ is used up by the
organisms that are eaten

breathing, reproduction, etc.
Cycles of Matter
Unlike energy, matter is ___________
within and between ecosystems in
Biogeochemical Cycles.
 Examples:

 Water
 Nitrogen
 Phosphorus
 Carbon
The Water Cycle
The process by which water moves through
the ocean, atmosphere, and land. It
includes
______________,_____________,
______________, &______________.
(along with root uptake and runoff)
The Water Cycle

Evaporation: the process by which water
changes from ________ to ________.
 Transpiration:
the process by which water
evaporated from the leaves of plants.

Condensation: the process by which water
changes from________ to __________.
Nutrient Cycles:

1)

2)

3)

Every living organism needs nutrients to
build tissue & carry out essential life
functions.

Nutrients are passed throughout an
ecosystem by biogeochemical cycles
The Carbon Cycle (Highlights)
Carbon Cycle

Earth to Atmosphere_____________
 __________________________
 __________________________
 __________________________

Atmosphere to Earth______________

Earth to Fossil Fuels_______________
 _________________________
The Nitrogen Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle

Atmosphere to Earth______________
 Nitrogen-fixing
bacteria convert N2 Gas to
NH4 which plants and other organisms can
use
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are the only
organisms that can use N2 directly
 Earth to Atmosphere_____________

 Nitrogen-fixing
N2 Gas
bacteria convert NH4 back to
The Phosphorus Cycle (Highlights)

Phosphorus is essential because it is a
key component of DNA and RNA

Found primarily found in rocks &
sediments

Does not enter the atmosphere
The Phosphorus Cycle (Highlights)

In the ground, phosphorus exist as
inorganic phosphate.
As rocks wear away, phosphate is
released
 On land, phosphate cycles between
organisms & the soil.

 Plants
absorb the phosphate from the soil &
bind it to organic compounds that can be used
by consumers.
Nutrient Limitation

The primary productivity of an
ecosystem is controlled by the amount of
available nutrients.

When an ecosystem is limited by a single
nutrient it is called a limiting nutrient

Example: Nitrogen or Iron in aquatic
ecosystems
Key Vocabulary for Quiz Test
Wednesday
 Ecology
Carnivore
 Autotroph
 Herbivore
 Chemosynthesis  Biomass
 Heterotroph
 Food Web
 Omnivore
 Evaporation

Chapter 3 Vocabulary Review
1. Organisms that eat only
plants.
2. The scientific study of
interactions among
organisms and their
environment
3. Consumers that eat only
meat.
4. The process by which
organisms use chemicals
to produce their own food.
5. Organisms that
eat both plants and
animals.
6. A complex group of many
food chains within an
ecosystem
7. The process by which
water changes from
liquid form to a gas form.
8. Organisms that obtain
their energy by
consuming other
organisms.
9. Organisms that obtain
energy from sunlight to
produce their own food.
10. The total amount of
living tissue within a
given trophic level
EOCT Review Questions

Woo Hoo!!

. Which of the following explains why
elements, such as carbon and oxygen, that are
used in organic molecules are not permanently
removed from the environment?

A. They are replenished by sunlight.
B. They are cycled through ecosystems.
C. They are replaced by volcanic eruptions.
D. They are produced constantly from nutrients.
During the fall reproductive season, the belly of a
male brook trout becomes bright orange. The
orange belly provides some camouflage and helps
attract females.
This trait evolved in brook trout because, compared
to males with pale bellies, males with bright orange
bellies are more likely to




A. live in good habitats.
B. be eaten by predators.
C. mate with other species of fish.
D. fertilize eggs to produce offspring.

4. Which of the following correctly explains how
atmospheric nitrogen is converted to nitrogen
compounds used by living organisms?

A. Sunlight converts atmospheric nitrogen to a form
usable by protists.
B. Plant leaves convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form
usable by animals.
C. Bacteria in soil convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form
usable by plants.
D. Invertebrate animals in soil convert atmospheric
nitrogen to a form usable by fungi.

Unlike other animals, mammals can
perspire. The main benefit of perspiring is
that it —

A. removes extra water from the cells

B. cools the skin with evaporation

C. removes dirt from the surface of the skin

D. relaxes the muscles