Transcript Lesson 16 PPT - Full

Long before contact with other countries,
North American natives lived simple, but
healthy, lifestyles.
They lived in
remote areas
with food in
abundance.
Wild game, fish,
berries of all
sorts, wild
vegetables, syrupproducing trees
such as maple
trees, nuts, clean
water, and
medicines all
came from
Mother Earth.
If the supplies became scarce, they would move their camps
to areas where these necessities were more plentiful.
Timelines for Indian people were kept by certain families so today we know
how tribes lived and where they travelled during different periods in history.
Some of the
Indian people
moved from
the east coast
to the Midwest,
and some even
continued on
toward the
west coast.
Each tribe’s members travelled in their own way,
mostly on foot at first, walking or running, but later
they learned about the travois, dogs, and
eventually, horses.
Whether it was on a long journey or simply the day-today activities, Indian people exercised on a daily basis
because of the way they travelled. This exercise was
essential and contributed to long, healthy lives.
Traditionally, each tribal affiliation’s food
had been hunted, or gathered, and
hauled from the water or land.
The foods that
were eaten by
most, or all, of
the tribes
known in the
U.S. were
natural foods
from Mother
Earth.
These were foods such as lean
meats, vegetables, roots, fish,
corn, berries, wild turnips,
potatoes, cattails, and more.
These traditional foods, and the Native
American’s lifestyle, gave them the best
possible life for their time in history.
During this
time, the
medicine
people
were
unaware of
any cases of
diabetes.
At the time of the first contact with non-Native people,
Natives were exposed to a variety of new diseases,
such as smallpox, along with many other illnesses.
The medicine
people learned
of these new
diseases and
recognized the
need for new
medicines.
Eventually,
reservation
lifestyle began in
the period from
1778 – 1832,
and gradually
moved
westward from
1852 – 1871.
This drastically changed the Native American’s traditional
lifestyle by reducing their mobility. Hunting areas shrank in
size and number. The once nomadic tribes were now
unable to follow the buffalo, and conflict among the tribes
increased as the tribes competed for dwindling resources.
There was a reduction in their ability to
hunt, fish, and gather the foods necessary
to stay healthy.
In the end, this led to diet changes that
included unfamiliar and unhealthy foods.
Fewer meats, vegetables, and berries were
replaced with lots of starches and sugars. The
diet changes contributed to increased weight
gain, and heart, kidney, and liver diseases.
Today, American Indians share concerns
about the significant health risks diabetes
poses to the Native American population.
Type II diabetes,
in particular,
leads to
complications
involving vision
problems,
kidney disease,
heart disease,
strokes, and
nerve damage.
With the onset of these health issues facing Indian Country, it
has become increasingly important for early detection of
diabetes. Changes in eating habits and exercise programs have
been shown to control, reverse, and even prevent diabetes.
A quick literature review…
…or internet search…
…will result in discovering many claims about
how diabetes affects some groups of people
more than others.
In particular, there are
many publications and
websites where one can
read about the diabetes
epidemic among Native
Americans, or how there
is a much higher percent
of American Indians
diagnosed with diabetes
than, say, their white
counterparts.
Native Americans and Diabetes
In this lesson, you will perform a hypothesis test to determine
whether Native Americans are more likely to have diabetes than
Caucasian Americans. You will utilize the cluster sampling
technique and use actual data to make this determination. To
minimize the occurrence of confounding variables, you will use
age-adjusted data and take samples, from each population, from
areas that are close to each other geographically.
Native Americans and Diabetes
To test this claim, choose two U.S. counties that are
geographically close to each other. One county should have a
population that is primarily Native American (preferably at least
90%). The other county should have a population that is
primarily white (again, preferably ≥ 90%). You may have to
search a few states and their counties to find appropriate data.
Finding a map that indicates where Indian reservations are
located is a good place to start.
Once you have found two counties that fit the criteria listed
above, you will need to find the age-adjusted rate of prevalence
of diabetes for each county. Make sure you use the same year
for the county population data and the diabetes data.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
For a specific geographical area in the United States, is the
age-adjusted rate of prevalence of diabetes in Native
Americans higher than that of their non-Hispanic white
counterparts?
YOUR ASSIGNMENT
After you have gathered the necessary data, please complete
the following problems to test the claim.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Write the null and the alternative hypotheses.
Briefly describe the consequences of α and β errors.
Choose an appropriate α-level.
Determine which statistic from your sample you will use to
estimate the parameter in your null hypothesis.
5. Sketch the sampling distribution of that estimator (under the
assumption that the null hypothesis is true).
6. Label and shade in the critical region of your sampling
distribution.
7. Calculate a p-value.
8. State your decision regarding the null hypothesis.
9. Discuss what conclusion you make from the scenario.
10. Briefly comment on what assumptions you make in conducting
your test. Do these assumptions appear to be met?