Transcript Carbohydrates

CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
H
OH
Carbohydrates:
Energy molecules
Biology I
Carbohydrates
 Building block molecules = sugars
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
Carbohydrates
 Function:

quick energy

energy storage

structure
glucose
C6H12O6
 cell wall in plants
sucrose
 Examples

sugars

starches

cellulose (cell wall)
starch
How are complex
carbohydrates formed
and broken down?
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
Dehydration Synthesis
building bigger molecules
from smaller molecules
 A water molecule is lost
 building cells & bodies

 repair
 growth
 reproduction
+
ATP
Dehydration Synthesis
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis/Digestion
taking big molecules apart
 Hydrolysis splits molecules using water
 getting raw materials

 for synthesis & growth

making energy (ATP)
 for synthesis, growth & everyday functions
+
ATP
Example of hydrolysis/digestion
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
starch
ATP
glucose
ATP
 Starch is digested to glucose
Hydrolysis
Monosaccharides = Monomers
Names for sugars usually end in
glucose
 Fructose
 galactose
-ose
CH2OH

H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
H
OH
glucose
C6H12O6
fructose
Disaccharides= Double sugar
Made by joining two monosaccharides
 Lactose (milk sugar)
 Sucrose (table sugar)
 Maltose (grain sugar)
Building carbohydrates
 Dehydration Synthesis
1 sugar =
monosaccharide
|
glucose
|
glucose
mono = one
saccharide = sugar
di = two
2 sugars =
disaccharide
|
maltose
Building carbohydrates
 Dehydration Synthesis
1 sugar =
monosaccharide
|
glucose
|
fructose
How sweet
it is!
2 sugars =
disaccharide
|
sucrose
(table sugar)
Polysaccharides
 BiG Carbohydrates
 starch
 energy storage in plants

potatoes
 glycogen
 energy storage in animals

in liver & muscles
 cellulose
 structure in plants
poly = many

cell walls
 chitin
 structure in arthropods & fungi

exoskeleton
Building BIG carbohydrates
glucose + glucose + glucose… = polysaccharide
starch
(plant)
energy
storage
glycogen
(animal)
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starch
easy to
digest
cellulose
hard to
digest
enzyme
enzyme
Cellulose
 Cell walls in plants
herbivores can digest cellulose well
 most carnivores cannot digest cellulose

 that’s why they
eat meat
to get their energy
& nutrients
 cellulose = roughage
 stays undigested
 keeps material
moving in your
intestines
Helpful bacteria
 How can cows digest cellulose so well?

BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Eeeew…
Chewing
cud?
Activities
 building starch by bonding together
paper glucose molecules
 eat carrots, celery, cookies