Transcript Biology Unit 2 Study Guide

Biology Unit 2 Study Guide
Answers
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• Ionic = electrons from one molecule are given
away to another molecule.
• Covalent = electrons are shared between the
molecules.
– Polar covalent = shared unequally
– Non-polar covalent = shared equally
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• Cohesion = water bonding with itself.
• Adhesion = water bonding with other
substances.
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• Without it, trees and other plants would not
be able to move water from deep in the
ground to their leaves.
• So what?
– No water = no photosynthesis = dead plants
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• It keeps them from having large differences in
the high and low daily temperatures.
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• It turns from a liquid to a gas (vaporizes) at a
high temperature.
• It takes a lot of energy to get the water
molecules to change phases from liquid to
gas.
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• Oceans and other bodies of water have not
evaporated.
• Evaporative cooling allows organisms to cool
off when hot.
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• Ice floating insulates the remaining water
beneath, allowing organisms to survive the
winter.
• If ice sank, a large portion of our bodies of
water would have frozen over, killing most life
within them.
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• Surface Tension
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• Monomers link together to make polymers.
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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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• Provide energy (mono, di, and poly)
• Store energy for a short time (poly)
• Form structures (poly)
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• Mono-, Di-, and Poly- are the prefxes denoting
how many sugar monomers are present.
• The number of sugars can give an indication of
the amount of energy stored within the
molecule.
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• monosaccharide
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• Monosaccharide = glucose & fructose
• Disaccharides = sucrose and lactose
• Polysaccharides = starch, glycogen, cellulose
and chitin
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• Cellulose and chitin are both structural
polysaccharides.
• Chitin forms cell walls in fungi and
exoskeletons in some animals.
• Cellulose forms cell walls in plants.
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• Both starch and glycogen store sugar.
• Starch is the sugar storage form in plants.
• Glycogen is the sugar storage form in animals.
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• Starches are found in plants
– Potatoes
– Beans
– Plantains
– Corn
– Actually, all green vegetables are capable of
making starch.
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• Glycogen is found in the muscles and livers of
mammals.
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Waterproofing membranes
Chemical messengers
Form cell membranes
Store Energy
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• Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
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• Saturated fats:
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Animal fats
Full of hydrogens
Solids at room temp
Relatively unhealthy
• Unsaturated fats:
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Plant oils
Have fewer hydrogens
Are liquids at room temperature
Healthy
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• The monomer of a protein = amino acid.
• The polymer of a protein = polypeptide
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• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
• They link together (via peptide bonds) to form
large structures called proteins (AKA:
polypeptides).
• This small part linking together to form a large
structure is analogous to links coming together to
form a chain.
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• Build muscle and bone
• Serve as enzymes
• Fight infections (are called antibodies when
doing this)
• Serve as doorways into the cell.
• Serve as regulators of cell activities.
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C
H
O
N
P
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• DNA
• RNA
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• Nucleotides
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• 5 carbon sugar
• Phosphate
• Nitrogen base
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• DNA has deoxyribose sugar in it.
• RNA has ribose sugar in it.
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• Enzymes
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• Anything that speeds up a chemical reaction
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• They lower the activation energy for the
reaction.
– They do not provide energy to the reaction…they
just make the amount of energy needed to start
the reaction be less.
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• The amount of energy needed to start a
reaction.
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• Substrates are changed during enzymatic
reactions.
• Enzymes remain unchanged by the reaction
and can be used again.
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• Each enzyme has a special shape that directly
matches its target substrate.
• This is analogous to how each lock has a
particular shaped key that opens it.
– Wrong shaped key = no opened lock.
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