Transcript 4.Development of world medicine and pharmacy inXYIII

Lecture 4
Development of world medicine and
pharmacy of the XVIII – XX centuries.
History of creation of medications.
From the end of ХVI century a front-rank
country in an economic and cultural relation
was Netherlands.
Here acquires the
development of
studies of Paracelsus
about a chemical
process in an
organism.
Paracelsus
(born Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus
von Hohenheim, 1493 –1541)
was a German-Swiss
Renaissance
physician, botanist,
alchemist, astrologer,
and general occultist.
He is also credited for
giving zinc its name,
calling it zincum.
The supporter of such knowledge’s was Van-Gelmont,
which probed blood, gastric juice, water, air. He was the
founder of biological chemistry.
In this period of more pharmacies began to
execute the functions of the well equipped
chemical laboratories.
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Chemists are
considered one with
the well-educated
specialists, so as
combine the functions
of druggist and
chemist.
Exactly on the base of pharmacies scientific
centers were created. The academies of sciences
were organized in Italy and France of the base of
pharmacies.
Charles William
Sheele
(1742-1786)
The Swedish chemist Charles William
Sheele in a little pharmacy laboratory
carried out near 50 prominent
openings, in particular, the method of
receipt of phosphorus offered,
selected a chlorine in a free kind,
opened arsenic anhydride and arsenic
acid, got the sulphuretted hydrogen,
selected and described the half of the
organic compounds known in a 18
item, including milk and benzoic
acids, described the methods of
receipt of ethers of lemony and other
acids.
Opening row of vegetable acids by
Scheele put beginning methods of
phytochemistry.
 Scheele opened a sweet matter which
named glycerin.
 An attempt to be deprived from ballast
matters at the reception of medical plants
was a long ago.
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Opium was known a long ago,
him chemical treatment
began in ХVІІ item
and
only in 1831 morphine
was selected by a
chemist Zertyugner.
Nick Vokalen
Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin
(1763-1829)
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A French chemist Nick
Vokalen was the first
pharmaceutical head in
Paris, founded in 1803
master, executed over
200 chemical works. He
opened a chrome,
beryllium, palladium,
iridium, got the
sulphuretted hydrogen,
the cyanic acid.
A military chemist Bernar Kurtua
(1777-1836)
has opened iodine
which appeared as a
violet pair under
operating of sulphuric
acid on seaweed.
There is a version of the discovery
of iodine which was the culprit favorite
cat Courtois: at what worked
in the laboratory chemist
shoulders lay the cat, who,
wanting to have fun, jumped
on the table and pushed to
the floor stood nearby
vessels, one of which was
an alcohol solution of
seaweed ash, and the
second - sulfuric acid. After
mixing liquids appeared a
cloud of blue-purple pair that
was nothing like iodine.
Karl Friedrich Mohr - German analytical
chemist and pharmacist (1806-1879)
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Druggist Mohr was
the creator of volume
analysis. Не has first
utillized pipettes, has
designed scales of
new type.
Antoine Baumé (1728-1804)
A French chemist and
professor
entered in pharmaceutical
practice an aerometer for
determination of
closeness of alcohol and
salty solutions;
he founded the first factory
of ammonium chloride.
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Robert Boyl (1627-1691)
physicist, chemist and theologian
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began to speak about
modern chemical
elements.
The chemist
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M.G. Klaprot (1743-1817)
opened connections
of uranium and
zirconium, titan
(together with Gregor)
and cerium
(simultaneously with
Bercelius).
Karl Klaus
(1796-1864)
The German chemist
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has opened a new
metal – ruthenium
Antoine Jérôme Balard
(1802 –1876)
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was a French chemist
and the discoverer of
bromine.
Beginning of organic chemistry connected
with Liebikh and Veler.
 Libikh (1803-1873) began the activity in a
pharmacy. He created method of
elementary organic analysis and was the
founder of agronomical and physiology
chemistry. Also he opened chlorate
hydrates and chloroform. The method of
determination of alkaloids belongs to him.
 Veler described cyanic acid.
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In the second half of ХIХ item intensively
organic chemistry began to develop.
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One of the prominent openings (in 1842) was
synthetic receipt of aniline from nitrobenzol by
the Russian chemist M.I. Zinin.
The synthesis of aniline put beginning stormy
development of pharmaceutical industry.
Preparations of ductless glands, medical
whey’s, vaccines and other bacterial
preparations, got wide distribution.
In ХIХ item substantial influence on pharmacy
found out development of microbiology.
 Labors of the French scientist Louis Paster
(1822-1895) and other scientists were proved
that fermentation and rotting is investigation of
vital functions of bacteria. Bacteria are not
engendered arbitrarily.
 Louis Paster was a founder of antiseptic. For
wound infections such antiseptic facilities began
to use: tincture of iodine, solution of nitrate of
silver, choric water, alcohol. Most distribution
was got carbolic acid.
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With development of bacteriology there was a
question about making and vacation from the
pharmacies of some medical forms, what free
from bacteria.
In 1885 a Petersburg’s chemist Pel suggested to
use for making of solutions for hypodermic
injections granules which contained the
negligible quantity of antiseptic matters.
He also offered to use antiseptic facilities at
storage of water extractions for warning of
fermentation.
The production of chemical preparations in
the middle of ХIХ item passed to industry.
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The extracts and tinctures began to make in
galenic laboratories. Getting of alkaloids in a
pharmacy became unprofitable and factories
had been organized. In 1816 the production of
quinine was organized.
In 1827 a chemist Merk (Germany) pawned
basis of factory production of morphine, narcotic,
quinine, strychnine and other matters. On the
base of pharmacy laboratory the factory of Ridal
was founded, which made 570 preparations in
1844.
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Among achievements of phytochemistry of ХІХ
an important place occupies opening of cocaine.
An attempt to change configuration of cocaine
resulted in the synthesis of novocaine.
Novocaine is anesthetic which did not yield to
the cocaine, but had in repeatedly less toxic.
G. Devi (1778-1829) marked the anesthesia
action of nitrous oxide. In 1844 soured nitrogen
was used for tooth extraction.
On completion of this period of time it is
necessary to give another fact.
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At the end of ХVIII century appeared a new
theory of treatment of illnesses - to treat with the
slight doses of clean medicinal matters.
The founder of this theory was German doctor
Samuel Ganeman (1755-1845).
Theory of Ganeman got the name
homoeopathy.
Ganeman principles consisted that medication
which is chosen for treatment of that or other
illness must in large doses lead to the
phenomenon very similar with the symptoms of
this illness.
It was considered from the point of view
homoeopaths, that for treatment of every
illness only enough one simple remedy. It
action is stronger in less doses.
 Operating force of medications is arrived
at breeding and mixed.
 So two drops of fresh juices or primary
tinctures from vegetable medications mix
up with 98 drops of alcohol.
 Then drop of this mixture - with 99 drops
of alcohol make the second breeding et
cetera.
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Druggists which were the supporters of
these studies opened the special
homoeopathic pharmacies. The network of
these separate pharmacies exists in our
time.
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In 20th in London a bacteriologist Fleming put
experiments with the colonies of streptococci on
the special environment.
He paid attention, that an environment was soiled
by mould which dissolved the culture of
streptococci.
From mould a researcher got an antibacterial
enzyme lizocim.
Continuing experiments, Fleming noticed that
green mould secreted an antibacterial matter
which represses growth of many bacteria. He
named this matter penicillin.
After the row of publications and lecture on
International congress of microbiologists in 1936
opening, however, did not bring over to itself
attention.
Later the group of the Oxford scientists,
which was led by a microbiologist G.Flori
(1898-1968) and biochemist E.Cheyn, got
penicillin in a clean kind (1906-1979).
 First he was applied on February, 12 in
1941 in London.
 The industrial issue of penicillin began in
1943 in the USA. From the beginning of
opening and 20 years passed to practical
use.
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Another antibiotic - streptomycin was
opened by Vaksman (1888-1973). He,
beginning from 1939, probed an over 500
microorganisms and in 1942 selected
streptomycin, which became a mighty
weapon in a fight against infections which
are caused by putrid bacteria.
In the XX century attention increased to the
vitamins, in particular, to the mechanism of their
receipt and introduction in medical practice. The
doctor from Netherlands Eykman, being on an
island Java, paid a regard to the sickly state of
chickens which were in a cage and eaten
cleared rice. Chickens which fermented on a
court and searched a various meal had a
healthy kind.
Eykman succeeded to select from the rice a matter
which in the composition had an amino group.
From 1932 this matter got the name "vitamin",
from Latin "vita" is life.