Transcript Chapter 1
General Biology Bio1001-007 Gary A. Bulla, Ph.D. If you are a biology major- don’t take this course! www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfgab Lectures saved as Html files.. Click on “Chapter 1“ …and powerpoint files If you have Microsoft Powerpoint: -You can print out the lectures 6 slides /page To print1. Select File- Print 2. In the pop-up window, select… Slides Handouts Pure black and white “6” slides per page OK Concepts & Methods in Biology Biology• Scientific study of life • Lays the foundation for asking basic questions about life and the natural world Chapter 1 What Is Life? 1. 2. 3. 4. Capture and use of ______ and raw materials Sense and respond to the _______________ Capacity to grow, __________, and develop Tendency to ________ Why Study Biology? • To learn how organisms are constructed, how they function, where they live, and what they do • To help you develop, modify, and refine your ideas about life Molecules of Life • Four macromolecules of life: – _____________ (DNA, RNA) – _____________ – _____________ – ____________ (fat) Basic Unit of Life - The Cell • Molecule Complexity • Organelle • _____- the smallest unit having the capacity to ____ and ___________ • Multicelled Organism • _________ • Population • __________ • Ecosystem • __________ Interdependencies Among Organisms 1. ________- Make their own food 2. _________- Depend on energy stored in tissues of producers P roducers capture, convert, and use or store some energy from the sun. PRODUCERS NUTRIENT CYCLING CONSUMERS,DECOMPOSERS 3.__________ -Break down remains and wastes ONE-WAY FLOW OF ENERGY Energy gets transferred from one organism to another; in time, all flows back to the environment. Fig. 1.6, p. 7 Nothing Lives Without Energy Energy = Capacity to do _______ _____________ = Reactions by which cells acquire and use energy to grow, survive, and reproduce Diversity of Life • Millions of living species (millions extinct) • Classification scheme attempts to organize this diversity • Two-part naming system (devised by Carolus ________________) Taxa K_____ P_____ – First name is _______ (plural, genera) C_____ • Homo sapiens - genus is Homo O_____ – Second name is _________ within genus G_____ S_____ The three ________are the_ . ____________________ • Archaea and bacteria are ___________(no nucleus). • The ________ includes at least four kingdoms: ______- Protists _______ _______ _________ Fig. 1.11 Mutation change in structure of ____ • Basis for the variation in heritable traits • Most are _____________ Adaptive Trait • trait that gives the individual an advantage in _______ or _________________ Evolution • Genetically based change in a line of descent over _______ • Population changes, not ______________ Natural Selection •Differential _____________ and reproduction Scientific Method OHPTA Oh, How Peter Talks Away • ________ phenomenon • Develop __________ • Make ____________ • Devise _____ of predictions • Carry out test and ________ results Example • __________: Eagles, swallows, and robins have feathers • ___________: All birds have feathers Deductive Logic • Drawing a specific conclusion based on a generalization – Generalization - Birds have feathers – Example - Eagles are birds – Conclusion - Eagles have feathers How do you test your prediction? Experimental Design • _________group a must!! – A standard for comparison – ____________ to experimental group except for ____________ being studied • Sampling error – ________________ sample skews results – Minimize by using ________________ Draw samples from some aspect of nature CONTROL GROUP The variable being tested is absent EXPERIMENTAL GROUP The variable being tested is present Compile results Compile results Compare and analyze the test results Report on experimental design, test results, and conclusions drawn from results Fig. 1.10, p. 12 Scientific Theory • A hypothesis that has been tested for its predictive power many times and has not yet been found __________ ExampleBig question- Can we use viruses that attack bacteria (bacteriophages) to fight infections? Experiment 1 • Hypothesis - Bacteriophages can protect mice against infectious bacteria • Prediction - Mice injected with bacteriophages will not die as a result of bacterial injection Experiment 1 - Test • Experimental group Inject with bacteria and bacteriophage • Control group • Inject with bacteria and saline Results • Experimental group - All mice lived • Control group- All mice died Conclusion Bacteriophage injections protect mice against bacterial infections Experiment 1 - Test • Prediction - Bacteriophage injections will be more effective treatment than single dose of the antibiotic streptomycin • Test - Mice injected with bacteria, then with saline, streptomycin, or bacteriophage Results • When 2nd injection was: – Bacteriophage - 11 of 12 mice lived – 60mg/gm streptomycin - 5 of 12 lived – 100mg/gm streptomycin - 3 of 12 lived – Saline - all mice died Conclusion •Conclusion - __________________ ___________________________ Limits of Science • Scientific approach cannot provide answers to _____________ questions • Cannot provide moral, aesthetic, or _________________ standards